Term
| How does the body combat forces? |
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Definition
-Skeletal elements and connectice tissues/joints.
-Skeletal forces transfer joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| Addresses the principle of energy exchange and the significance of these principles in living animals. |
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Term
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Definition
Each gas contributes only part of the total pressure; this part is the partial pressure.
Differences in PP determines the rate of gas diffusion (high PP to low PP). |
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Term
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Definition
Flow of air/water with respect to flow of blood in the respiratory surface.
This determines the efficiency of exchange. |
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Term
| Scenarios of Gas Exchange |
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Definition
- Concurrent Exchange
- Countercurrent Exchange
- Cross-Current Exchange
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Term
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Definition
2 Parallel tubes flowing in the same direction.
Higher diffusion at the initial point of contact.
Diffusion decreases as flow moves along the tube.
ex: mammalian lungs |
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Term
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Definition
2 parallel tubes that flow in opposite direction.
Keeps the differential along the entire length of contact consistent.
Considered more efficient since diffusion occurs along the entire length of contact.
ex: fish gills |
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Term
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Definition
Blood capallaries are perpendicular to air loops.
Diffusion occurs at each crossover.
Stepwise increase in O2 levels (builds up sufficient levels)
ex: birds lungs |
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Term
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Definition
Eyes positioned laterally.
In the eyes of prey.
Panoramic Vision.
Each Eye scans a separate area.
ex: penguins, whales, some sharks, cyclostomes. |
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Term
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Definition
Visual fields overlap and merge into a stereoscopic image (depth perception)
ex: humans, birds, reptiles, some fish. |
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Term
| Aquatic Accomodation of Optics |
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Definition
| lens is more active than the cornea since the cornea and the media have the same refractive index. |
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Term
| Terrestrial Accomodation of Optics |
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Definition
| cornea and lens are active in to changing shape to focus on objects. |
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Term
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Definition
Egg -> Larvae->Juvenile->Adult->Senescence
Juvenile has no active reproduction system.
Adults have an active reproduction system.
Senescence is aging and loss of repro/physical vigor. |
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Term
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Definition
A union of two gametes that activates development by starting a zygote formation (2n).
Egg accumulates vitellogenin (prod in liver and tran to eggs) and this is transformed into yolk platelets.
The egg makes and contain yolk. |
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Term
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Definition
Slight yolk.
ex: placental mammals |
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Term
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Definition
Moderate Yolk.
ex: lampreys, amphibians |
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Term
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Definition
LOTS of yolk.
ex: birds, fish, reptiles, monotemes |
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Term
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Definition
| Even distribution betwen V and A poles in an animal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Yolk concentrated at one pole in the egg. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Pole with the nucleus and embyro (no yolk) |
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Term
| Oviparous Reproduction Strategy |
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Definition
Lays eggs in shells.
ex: turtle, birds, crocodiles |
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Term
| Viviparous Reproduction Strategy |
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Definition
Give birth to live young.
ex: some fish, sharks, placentals |
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Term
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Definition
Repeated mitotic division with little/no growth.
Goes from single cell to multicellular.
first cleavage furrow occurs at the animal pole then moves towards vegetal pole (subsequent furrows are perp.) |
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Term
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Definition
Solid mass of cells.
Changes to a blastulla after center fills with fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
Hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled center (blastocoel)
Hollow cell prevents early interaction of cells and provides space for migrating cells. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Cleavage Furrow passes through the entire zygote.
Happens when not much yolk. |
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Term
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Definition
Only part of the cyto. is cleaved.
Happens when moderate yolk.
(amphibians) |
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Term
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Definition
Yolk remains undividied.
Happens when LOTS of yolk. |
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