Term
| explain the differences in osmotic and ion regulation in sharks and marine teleosts |
|
Definition
urine concentrations
gills hypo/hyper osmotic |
|
|
Term
| name three characteristics that differentiate hagfish from lampreys |
|
Definition
less adapted eyes
less adapted heart
more adapted digestive system |
|
|
Term
| descrbe the importand role the hypodermis plays in bony fish |
|
Definition
| contains subcutaneous fat for food storage and insulation |
|
|
Term
| osmotic challenge in fish that are isosmolal with their environment |
|
Definition
| same concentration of ions as water so it is hard for them to move to environnment with different ion concentrations |
|
|
Term
| name 3 functions of counter current exchange |
|
Definition
maximum oxygen exchange in gills
thermoregulation
renal system |
|
|
Term
| name the different types of swim bladders and the difference between them. |
|
Definition
physostomous - has pnuematic duct
physoclistous- no pnuematic duct |
|
|
Term
| name three general characteristics that distinguish extant chondrichtheyr from bony fish |
|
Definition
cartalagenous skeleton
placoid skales
tooth wall |
|
|
Term
| describe two major changes that occurered in the ordovician that set the stage for vert transition to land |
|
Definition
plants moved to land providing oxygen
insects provided food |
|
|
Term
| name one disadvantage of endothermy |
|
Definition
| endothermy costs a lot of energy |
|
|
Term
| why an amniote cant have the same anatomical structures for the projectile tongue as seen in the lungless salamanders |
|
Definition
the tongue developed where the lungs should be
salamanders use cutaneous repiration |
|
|
Term
| paedomorphosis and name two pathways to attain it |
|
Definition
a repoductive adult still has juvenille characteristics
neotony (juvenile charactereistics)
progenises |
|
|
Term
| list two common traits between amphibians and amniotes |
|
Definition
both can lay eggs
both have lungs |
|
|
Term
| list two major differences between amphibians and fish |
|
Definition
amphibians rely mainly on cutaneous respiration
fish use gills |
|
|
Term
| describe why an anguilliform swimmer will never be a high speed swimmer |
|
Definition
| high aspect ratio which means large amount of drag, so good endurance but low speeds |
|
|
Term
| two anatomical differences for aquatic and terrestrial eyes |
|
Definition
aquatic (move lense to focus, larger muscles)
terrestrial (move cornea to focus, lens bends) |
|
|
Term
| electroreception compared to ecolocation |
|
Definition
| electroreception is on recieving signals ecolocation is revieving and sending |
|
|
Term
| differences between regional and complete endothermy |
|
Definition
| regional endothermy is when an organism can maintain a steady temperature in a specific part of the body but not neccesarily and endothermic animal like sea turtles |
|
|
Term
| why was a drop in CO2 necessary to open the door of life trasitioning to land |
|
Definition
| co2 tension too high to extract o2 respiration |
|
|
Term
| briefly describe why most extant amphibians do not use costal respiration |
|
Definition
| they do not have true ribs |
|
|
Term
| name the three major germ layers and give an example of major tissue that develops from it |
|
Definition
ectoderm (epidermis)
mesoderm (muscular tissue
endoderm (lining of the gut) |
|
|
Term
| name two cell types unique to animal kingdom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list the agnathans in order of first appearance in evolutionary history |
|
Definition
amphioxus
hagfish
lampreys
conodonts
ostracoderms |
|
|
Term
| which craniate and agnathan has the sumples digestive system and why |
|
Definition
| lampreys because they are parasitic |
|
|
Term
| important role of hypodermis in birds and mammals |
|
Definition
| where subcutaneous fat is stored |
|
|
Term
| since frogs use positive pressure to fill lungs, can a true frog eat and respire at the same time |
|
Definition
| yes can eat and use cutaneous respiration |
|
|
Term
| describe the role of the loop of henle and which vertebrates possess it |
|
Definition
birds and mammals have it
used to regulate concentration of urine and reabsorption of important minerals and water |
|
|
Term
| name two verts that do not primarily rely on costal ventilation and why |
|
Definition
turtles (ribs fused to pelvic and pectoral girdle)
amphibians (lack true ribs, have transverse process instead) |
|
|
Term
| list sharks, birds, reptiles, and mammals in order of least efficient respiratory exchange to most efficient |
|
Definition
reptiles
mammals
birds
sharks |
|
|
Term
| describe the effects locomotion has on lung ventilation in quadrupedal reptiles and mammals |
|
Definition
| movement from side to side, empy on lung fill the other, always has one full lung |
|
|
Term
| describe the advantages of the avian lung vs mammalian lung |
|
Definition
avian lung is unidiractional, with crosscurrent exchange
mammals have two directional flow |
|
|
Term
| name 3 ways that ectotherms can acquire water |
|
Definition
production
intake in food
intake in liquids |
|
|
Term
| three differences btween a sea lion and a true seal |
|
Definition
sea lions have pinae
sea lions swim w/ front flippers
sea lions have flexible wrists |
|
|
Term
| two disadvantages of endothermy as compared to ectothermy |
|
Definition
higher metabolic expense
requires more food and be more active |
|
|
Term
| how many times has flight evolved and name the groups |
|
Definition
3 time
birds
mammals
pterosaurs |
|
|
Term
| how many times did complete endothermy evolve in vertebrate lilneage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list two common traits between amphibians and reptiles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list two major differences between amphibians and reptiles |
|
Definition
| reptiles have amniotic egg and scaly skin |
|
|
Term
| this is present in all endotherms and has been used to justify endothermy in dinos |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the first group to evolve a diaphragm |
|
Definition
crocodiles
pulls lung down causing negative pressure then relaxes and pushes air out of lung |
|
|
Term
| two advantages due to evolution of the diaphragm |
|
Definition
animal can breath and move
diapragm allows to breath and eat |
|
|
Term
| two characteristics why avian lung is more efficient than mammalian lung |
|
Definition
unidirectional
croscurrent exchange |
|
|
Term
| the vertebrate lung is believed to have evolved from which type of swim bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two common traits between amphibians and reptiles |
|
Definition
| both ectotherms and both can lay eggs |
|
|
Term
| name 2 strategies animals have developed for dealing with extreme cold |
|
Definition
nonshivering thermogenesis
piloerection
Feeze tolerance and feeze avoidance |
|
|
Term
| name three strategies organisms have adapted for desert survival |
|
Definition
relaxation of homeostasis
avoidance
specializations |
|
|
Term
| based on anatomical features of the wing briefly describe why the larges of the pterosaurs were gliders as opposed to very active flyers |
|
Definition
| wings only had one finger like bone and no keeled sturnum for muscle attachment made wings fragile |
|
|
Term
| describe how clay deposits in colorado affect CWD in mule deer |
|
Definition
| clay binds to CWD and helps it persist in the environment also helps transmission |
|
|
Term
| name four anatomical structures of the wing left to right |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what would you want for a soaring wing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the difference between torpor and hypothermia |
|
Definition
| torpor is regulated by body and hypothermia is not |
|
|
Term
| what type of metabolism do diving mammals preferentially use during dives |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name four special adaptations diving mammals have to make aerobic metabolism efficient in hypoxic environments |
|
Definition
increased levels of myoglobin
muscles lack IIb fibers
CS/HAD ratio is less than one
lipid based metabolism |
|
|
Term
| if a seal went on a breath hold dive for 3 min what three major resposes would his body experience |
|
Definition
cease ventilation
decreased heart rate
peripheral vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| name two differences between the skeleton of a flightless ratite and a theropod dinosaur |
|
Definition
| theropod has teeth and hands |
|
|
Term
| describe why homeothermy and endothermy do not mean the same thing |
|
Definition
| endothermy is internal regulation of body temp. homeothermy is where body temp is maintained at a constant temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two advantages and two dissadvantages of endothermy |
|
Definition
Advantages
(can be active at night, not as controled by ambient temps)
Disadvantages
(tons of energy goes into growth and repoduction, needs more food and water) |
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