Term
| Hypersensitivity Reaction |
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Definition
| an exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to a mild pathogen or inocuous substance |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific humoral or cell-mediated immune response against constituents of the body's own tissue |
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Term
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Definition
ANAPHYLACTIC, immediate
production of antigen specific IgE leads to IgE bound to mast cells. re-exposure leads to degranulation of mast cells, release of vasoactive mediators (histamine and PGE) |
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Term
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Definition
immediate systemic rxn caused by rapid, IgE-mediated immune release of potent mediators from tissue mast cells and peripheral basophils’
involves skin +/- mucosal tissue; respiratory system; gastrointestinal system; reduced BP etc |
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Term
| Common Types of Type I Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
Atopic dermatitis
Insect bite hypersensitivity ie. flea bite hypersensitivity, Culicoides spp. hypersensitivity (Sweet itch, Queensland itch)
Drug eruptions
Food allergy |
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Term
| Common Types of Type I Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
Atopic dermatitis
Insect bite hypersensitivity ie. flea bite hypersensitivity, Culicoides spp. hypersensitivity (Sweet itch, Queensland itch)
Drug eruptions
Food allergy |
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Term
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Definition
multifactorial and multifaceted disease
Complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors
face, feet, ventrum most common locations |
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Term
| Insect Bite Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
allergic dermatitis
acute or more often chronic
common (horses, dogs, cats, humans)
triggers include:
Fleas (e.g. Ctenocephalides spp.)
Biting midges (e.g. Culicoides spp.)
Black flies (Similium spp.)
Mosquitoes (Culicidae family) |
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Term
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Definition
Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH)
DTH reactions involve same processes as cell-mediated immunity to microbial infection, NOT dependent on antibody |
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Term
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Definition
| antibody-dependent, cytotoxic |
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Term
| Type III Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
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Term
| Ectoparasites as Health Issues |
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Definition
Cause forms of (allergic) dermatitis associated with pruritis
Cause irritation and restlessness (worry)
larvae can invade the body of an animal (Myiasis) and cause tissue destruction
Some obligate blood feeders and can cause anemia.
Very effective at transmitting agents of infectious disease so act as vectors: biological, mechanical
They can be difficult to control |
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Term
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Definition
Sheep Scab
MITE
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida
Order: Acarina
HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS, NOTIFIABLE |
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Term
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Definition
Demodectic Mange
MITE
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida
Order: Acarina |
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Term
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Definition
Sarcoptic Mange
MITE
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida
Order: Acarina |
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Term
| Ctenocephalides felis/canis |
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Definition
FLEA
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Siphonaptera |
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Term
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Definition
All flies cause OBLIGATE Myiasis
3 Genera of importance:
Oestrus
Hypoderma
Gastrophilus |
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Term
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Definition
Warble flies-Large, hairy, bee-like flies (~11-16mm)
Hypoderma bovis
Hypoderma lineatum
Affect cattle, rarely man horse or sheep |
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Term
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Definition
Ooetrus ovis (nasal bot)
World wide distribution
Low N. Europe, high S. Europe - Grey flies ~1cm long
Small black spots on abdomen
Covered in short brown hairs |
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Term
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Definition
Horse bots
G.intestinalis
G.nasalis
G.haemorhoidalis
Worldwide distribution
Adults are robust, wasp-like, hairy flies
1 to 2cm long
Pointed abdomen
No mouthparts
Larvae develop in stomach
Larvae reddish orange
Gastric Myiasis
May cause stomach ulceration
Mild gastritis
Virtually no clinically apparent effects with low infections
Owners concern about red bots in faeces, therefore often treat |
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Term
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Definition
Facultative myiasis
Important species in UK;
Lucilia sericata – greenbottle
Phormia terranova – blackbottle
Calliphora spp. – bluebottle
Fairly large, robust flies (<1cm)
Myiasis is facultative
Mainly affects sheep also rabbits |
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Term
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Definition
European sheep tick
ectoparasite of all mammals and birds
Dz: Red water, Tick-borne fever, Louping ill, Lyme |
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Term
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Definition
B. divergens
Protozoan
affects cattle
Fever/anaemia/haemoglobinuria |
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Term
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Definition
Anaplasma
Bacterial
Affects Sheep/cattle/goats/dogs
Fever/abortion |
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Term
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Definition
Flavivirus
Virus
Affect Sheep/cattle/grouse
Encepahalitis/abnormal gait/death |
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Term
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Definition
B. burgdorferi
bacterial
Affects Dogs/horses/cattle
Persistent fever/arthritis/lameness |
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Term
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Definition
Flea
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Siphonaptera |
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Term
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Definition
| Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) maintained through biological transmission between susceptible vertebrate hosts by haematophagous arthropods |
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Term
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Definition
| African swine fever virus [soft tick] |
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Term
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Definition
Louping ill virus [hard tick]
Equine encephalitis viruses [mosquito]
African horse sickness [midge]
Schmallenberg [midge]
West Nile virus [mosquito]
Bluetongue [midge] |
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Term
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Definition
clinical disease in sheep (sometimes cattle)
vector: midge
RNA virus – reovirus
Europe |
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Term
| African swine fever virus |
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Definition
clinical disease in domestic and wild pigs
Vector: soft tick
DNA virus - asfarvirus
endemic in sub-Saharan Africa |
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Term
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Definition
clinical disease in horses and man (dead end hosts) zoonotic disease
Vector: mosquito
RNA virus - flavivirus
Africa, Asia, Europe (not UK), Middle East, Australia, Americas |
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Term
| Control/Prevention of arboviral disease |
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Definition
arthropod control: insect zappers, dips,
habitat control, insecticides, release of sterile males, Release of ‘good’ arthropods
exposure control: barriers (clothing, nets), insect repellents, house animals at peak vector times
Use lights (or lack of)
vaccines (if available)
Surveillance/education |
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