Term
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Definition
| An environmentally induced improvement in the functioning of a physiological system with no change in genetic endowment (page 13). |
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Term
| learned or acquired reflex |
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Definition
| Behaviors that seem automatic but are in fact learned with conscious effort (page 9). |
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Definition
| A biological characteristic that favors survival in a certain environment (page 13). |
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Definition
| Part of a reflex arc that carries information from the receptor to the integrating center (page 10). |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical messenger secreted into the extracellular fluid that acts upon the cell that secreted it (page 12). |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin layer of extracellular proteinaceous material upon which epithelial and endothelial cells sit (page 3) |
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Term
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Definition
| The simplest structural unit into which a complex multicellular organism can be divided and still retain the functions characteristic of life (page 2). |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional properties. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurring in an an approximately 24 hour cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| strong, fibrous protein that funtions as extracellular structural element in connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the four major categories of tissues in the body; major component of extracellular matrices, cartilage, and bone |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell specialized to form extracellular elements that connect, anchor, and support body structures |
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Term
| developmental acclimatization |
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Definition
| Potentially irreversible change in structure or function of one or more organ systems that occurs during early life and favors survival in specific environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state in which a given variable may vary in the short term, but is fairly constant when averaged over the long term. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell or cell collection whose change in activity constitutes the response in a control system |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of the reflex arc that transmits information from the integrating center to the effector. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein with elastic or springlike properties; found in large arteries and in the airways. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of epithelial cells that secrete into the extracellular space hormones that then diffuse into the bloodstream; also called a ductless gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adjusting a biological rhythm to environmental cues. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell at the surface of a body or hollow organ; specialized to secrete or absorb ions and organic molecules; withother epithelial cells, forms an epithelium. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the four major tissue types in the body, comprised of aggregates of epithelial cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| No net change occurs in a system; requires no energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The environment surrounding the external surface of an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fluid outside of a cell, made up of interstitial fluid and plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex consisting of a mixture of proteins (and sometimes minerals) interspersed with extracellular fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aspect of some control systems that allows the system to anticipate changes in a regulated variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of several, elongated, threadlike cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cyclical activity driven by the biological clock in absence of environmental cues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subunits of organs that each perform the function of the organ. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively stable condition of the internal environment that results from regulatory system actions. |
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Term
| homeostatic control system |
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Definition
| A collection of interconnected components that keeps a physical or chemical variable of internal environment within a predetermined normal range of values. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical messenger synthesized by specific endocrine cells in response to certain stimuli and secreted into the blood, which carries it to target cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that receive one or more signals and send out appropriate response; also called an integrator. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid and plasma). |
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Term
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Definition
| Extracellular fluid surrounding tissue cells; excludes plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid in cells; cytosol plus fluid in cell organelles, including nucleus. |
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Term
| local homeostatic response |
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Definition
| Response acting in immediate vicinity of a stimulus, without nerves or hormones, and having net effect of counteracting stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the pineal gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized cell containing actin and myosin filaments and capable of generating force and movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the four major tissue types in the body, comprising smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle; can be under voluntary or involuntary control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of substance from body exceeds gain, and total amount in body decreases, also used for physical parameters such as body temperature and energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristic of control systems in which the system's response opposes the original change in the system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell in nervous system specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals; also called neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the four major tissue types in the body, responsible for coordinated control of muscle activity, reflexes, and conscious thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical messenger used by neurons to communicate with each other or with effectors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organs that together serve an overall function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons that set rhythm of biological clocks independent of external cues; any nerve or muscle cell that has an inherent autorhythmicity and determines activity pattern of other cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical messenger that exerts its effects on cells near its secretion site; by convention, excludes neurotransmitters. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of physiology "gone wrong". |
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Term
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Definition
| A resetting of the internal clock due to altered environmental cues. |
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Term
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Definition
| The application of the understanding of how genes are regulated to the study of physiology; the link between genes and physiology. |
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Term
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Definition
| Branch of biology dealing with the mechanisms by which living organisms function. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small endocrine gland in the brain; emits melatonin. |
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Term
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Definition
| The liquid portion of the blood; component of extracellular fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The readily available quantity of a substance in the body; often equals amounts in extracellular fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The gain of substance exceeds the loss, and the amount of that substance in the body increases. |
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Term
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Definition
| A characteristic of control systems in which an initial disturbance sets off a train of events that increases the disturbance even further. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific binding site in the plasma membrane or interior of target cell with which a chemical messenger combines to exert its effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| A biological control system linking stimulus with response and mediated by a reflex arc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neural or hormonal components that mediate a reflex; usually includes receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, and effector. |
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Term
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Definition
| A steady value maintained by a homeostatic control system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The net loss of a substance from the body equals the net gain, and the amount of the substance in the body stays the same. |
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Term
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Definition
| No net change; continual energy input to system is required, however, to prevent net change. |
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Term
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Definition
| A detectable change in the internal or external environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cell influenced by a certain hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aggregate of a single type of specialized cell; also denotes general cellular fabric of a given organ. |
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