8.5 - 10.3

The most abundant mineral in the body, it is involved in bone metabolism, protein absorption, fat transfer muscular contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, blood clotting and cardiac function. It is highly sensitive to elements such as magnesium, iron and phosphorus as well as hormonal activity, vitamin D levels, alkalinity and acidity, and many drugs.

Adult female 9 - 24

Adult male 10 -32

Child x2 of adult

Very high ALT levels (up to 50 times normal) suggest viral or severe drug-induced hepatitis, or other hepatic disease with extensive necrosis (death of liver cells). (AST levels are also elevated but usually to a lesser degree.) Moderate-to-high levels may indicate infectious mononucleosis, chronic hepatitis, intrahepatic cholestasis or cholecystitis, early or improving acute viral hepatitis, or severe hepatic congestion due to heart failure. Slight-to-moderate elevations of ALT (usually with higher increases in AST levels) may appear in any condition that produces acute hepatocellular (liver cell) injury, such as active cirrhosis, and drug-induced or alcoholic hepatitis.

0 - 42

Maximum elevations are associated with certain diseases and conditions. For example, very high elevations (more than 20 times normal) may indicate acute viral hepatitis, severe skeletal muscle trauma, extensive surgery, drug- induced hepatic injury, and severe liver congestion. High levels (ranging from 10 to 20 times normal) may indicate severe myocardial infarction (heart attack), severe infectious mononucleosis, and alcoholic cirrhosis. High levels may also occur during the resolving stages of conditions that cause maximal elevations. Moderate-to-high levels (ranging from 5 to 10 times normal) may indicate chronic hepatitis and other conditions. Low-to-moderate levels (ranging from 2 to 5 times normal) may indicate metastatic hepatic tumours, acute pancreatitis, pulmonary emboli, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, and fatty liver (steatosis).

Adult female 37 - 47%

Adult male 40 -54%

Child 50 - 62%

The word hematocrit means "to separate blood," a procedure which is followed following the blood draw through the proper use of a centrifuge. Hematocrit is the measurement of the percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. It is an important determinant of anaemia (decreased) , polycythemia (increased), dehydration (elevated), increased R.B.C. breakdown in the spleen (elevated), or possible overhydration (elevated)

Adult female 12 - 16%

Adult male 14 - 18%

Child 14 - 20%

Hemoglobin is the main transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. It is composed of globin a group of amino acids that form a protein and heme which contains iron atoms and the red pigment, porphyrin. As with Hematocrit, it is an important determinant of anaemia (decreased), dehydration (increased), polycythemia (increased), poor diet/nutrition, or possibly a malabsorption problem.

Adult female 3.9 - 5.2

Adult male 4.2 - 5.6

Red blood cells main function is to carry oxygen to the tissues and to transfer carbon dioxide to the lungs. This process is possible through the R.B.C. containing hemoglobin which combines easily with oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Adult female/male 3.8 -10.8

Child higher than adult

White blood cells main function is to fight infection, defend the body by phagocytosis against invasion by foreign organisms, and to produce, or at least transport and distribute, antibodies in the immune response.

130 - 400

Platelets (also known as thrombocytes) are the smallest formed elements of the blood. They are vital to coagulation of the blood to prevent excessive bleeding. Elevated levels suggest dehydration or stimulation of the bone marrow where the cells are produced and decreased levels may indicate an immune system failure, drug reactions, B12 or folic acid deficiency

135 -145

Sodium is the most abundant cation in the blood and its chief base. It functions in the body to maintain osmotic pressure, acid-base balance and to transmit nerve impulses.

3.5 - 5.5

Potassium is the major intracellular cation in the blood. It, along with sodium, helps to maintain osmotic balance and in also involved in acid-base balance. It is needed for proper nerve and muscle action.

95 - 112

Chlorides significance relates to its maintenance of cellular integrity through it influence on osmotic pressure, it also helps monitor acid-base balance and water balance. Elevated levels are related to acidosis as well as too much water crossing the cell membrane. Decreased levels with decreased serum albumin may indicate water deficiency crossing the cell membrane (edema).

CO2 level

PaCO2 level

22 - 32

35 - 45

Adult 2.5 - 4.5

Child 3 - 6

Phosphorus is an abundant element found in most tissues and cells. It is closely related to the calcium level with an inverse relationship. When calcium is increased, phosphorus tends to decrease and vice versa. Careful following of blood draw procedures are necessary because improper handling may cause false elevated readings. Phosphorus is needed for its buffering action, calcium transport and osmotic pressure

Adult 20 - 125

Child 40 - 400

Produced in the cells of the bone and liver with some activity in the kidney, intestine, and placenta, it is mostly found in an alkaline state with a pH of 9. Used extensively as a tumor marker it is also present in bone injury, pregnancy, or skeletal growth (elevated readings). Growing children have normally higher levels of this enzyme also. Low levels are sometimes found in hypoadrenia, protein deficiency, malnutrition and a number of vitamin deficiencies.

Adult female 0 - 45

Adult male 0 - 65

mainly found in liver cells and as such is extremely sensitive to alcohol use. Elevated levels may be found in liver disease, alcoholism, bile-duct obstruction, cholangitis, drug abuse, and in some cases excessive magnesium ingestion. Decreased levels can be found in hypothyroidism, hypothalamic malfunction and low levels of magnesium.

0 - 250

Lactic acid dehydrogenase is an intracellular enzyme from particularly in the kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, brain, liver and lungs. Increases are usually found in cellular death and/or leakage from the cell or in some cases it can be useful in confirming myocardial or pulmonary infarction (only in relation to other tests). Decreased levels of the enzyme may be seen in cases of malnutrition, hypoglycemia, adrenal exhaustion or low tissue or organ activity.

0 - 1.3

A by-product of the breakdown of red blood cells in the liver, bilirubin is a good indication of the liver’s function. Excreted into the bile, bilirubin gives the bile its pigmentation. Elevated in liver disease, mononucleosis, hemolytic anaemia, low levels of exposure to the sun, and toxic effects to some drugs, decreased levels are seen in people with an inefficient liver, excessive fat digestion, and possibly a diet low in nitrogen bearing foods.

7 - 25

The nitrogen component of urea, B.U.N. is the end product of protein metabolism and its concentration is influenced by the rate of excretion. Increases can be caused by excessive protein intake, kidney damage, certain drugs, low fluid intake, intestinal bleeding, exercise or heart failure. Decreased levels may be dur to a poor diet, malabsorption, liver damage or low nitrogen intake.

0.7 - 1.4

Creatinine is the waste product of muscle metabolism. Its level is a reflection of the bodies muscle mass. Low levels are sometimes seen in kidney damage, protein starvation, liver disease or pregnancy. Elevated levels are sometimes seen in kidney disease due to the kidneys job of excreting creatinine, muscle degeneration, and some drugs involved in impairment of kidney function.

Adult female 2.5 - 7.5

Adult male 3.5 - 7.5

Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism and is normally excreted through the urine. High levels are noted in gout, infections, kidney disease, alcoholism, high protein diets, and with toxaemia in pregnancy. Low levels may be indicative of kidney disease, malabsorption, poor diet, liver damage or an overly acid kidney.

6.0 - 8.5

Proteins are the most abundant compound in serum. The protein makeup of the individual is of important diagnostic significance because of proteins involvement in enzymes, hormones and antibodies as well as osmotic pressure balance, maintaining acid-base balance and as a reserve source of nutrition for the bodies tissues and muscles. The major serum proteins measured are Albumin and Globulin (alpha1, alpha2, beta and gamma). Decreased levels may be due to poor nutrition, liver disease, malabsorption, diarrhoea, or severe burns. Increased levels are seen in lupus, liver disease, chronic infections, alcoholism, leukaemia, and tuberculosis amongst many others. Careful review of the individuals albumin, globulin and A/G ratio are recommended.

3.2 - 5.0

Albumin is the major constituent of serum protein (usually over 50%). It is manufactured by the liver from the amino acids taken through the diet. It helps in osmotic pressure regulation, nutrient transport and waste removal. High levels are seen rarely in liver disease, shock, dehydration, or multiple myeloma. Lower levels are seen in poor diets, diarrhea, fever, infection, liver disease, inadequate iron intake, third-degree burns and edemas or hypocalcemia.

SaO2

PaO2

94 - 100%

75 - 100

SaO2 measures as a percentage the amount of hemoglobin molecules which are oxygenated (oxyhemoglobin) in arterial blood.

PaO2 is the partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood.

Arterial 7.35 - 7.45

Venous 7.32 - 7.42

80 - 100

The mean corpuscular volume, or "mean cell volume" (MCV), is a measure of the average red blood cell volume (i.e. size) that is reported as part of a standard complete blood count.

In patients with anemia, it is the MCV measurement that allows classification as either a microcytic anemia (MCV below normal range) or macrocytic anemia (MCV above normal range).

26 - 34

The mean corpuscular hemoglobin, or "mean cell hemoglobin" (MCH), is the average mass of hemoglobin per red blood cell in a sample of blood. It is reported as part of a standard complete blood count. MCH value is diminished in hypochromic anemias.

It is calculated by dividing the total mass of hemoglobin by the number of red blood cells in a volume of blood.

MCH=(Hgb*10)/RBC

31 - 37%

The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, or MCHC, is a measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cell. It is reported as part of a standard complete blood count.

It is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin by the hematocrit. Reference ranges for blood tests are 32 to 36 g/dl, or between 19-20 to 22 mmol/L.

CK-BB

CK-MB

CK-MM

CPK (Creatine phophokinase)

0%

0 - 3.9%

96 - 100%

8 - 150IU/L

Fasting Glucose

Glucose 2hrs postprandial

60 - 110

Up to 140

HDL

LDL

Triglycerides

30 - 70

65 - 180

45 - 155

Segmented Neutrophils

Basophils

Eosinophils

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

54 - 62%

0 - 1

0 - 3

24 - 44

3 - 6

Appearance: clear, yellow.
Specific gravity: 1.001 - 1.035
pH: 4.6 - 8.0
Protein: negative
Glucose: negative
Ketones: negative
Bilirubin: negative
Occult blood: negative
WBC esterase: negative
Nitrite: negative
WBC: </= 5 high-power field
RBC: </= 3 high-power field
Renal epithelial cells: </= 3
     /high-power field
Squamous epithelial cells:
    None or few/high-power field

Infants 120 - 160

Toddlers 90 - 140

Preschoolers 80 - 110

School-agers 75 - 100

Adolescent 60 - 90

Adult 60 - 100

Newborn (6.6lb) mean 40

1 month 85/54

1 year 95/65

6 years 105/65

10-13 years 110/65

14-17 years 120/75

Adults 120/80

Normal   <120     <80

PreHTN  120-139  or   80-89

Stage 1 HTN   140-159   or   90-99

Stage 2 HTN   >160    or    >100

Newborn   35-40

Infants (6months)   30-50

Toddler (2years)    25-32

Child   20-30

Adolescent   16-19

Adult   12-20