Term
Margaret Tobin Brown
“Molly Brown” |
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Definition
Education:
• Attended school until thirteen
• Worked in a tobacco factory and as a waitress
• Moved with brother to Colorado and worked in a dry-goods store
• Hired tutors after she could afford it, and learned various languages
Economic standing:
• Became rich when husband developed a better way to extract mineral wealth from hard-rock and thus discovered what was then the world’s most extensive gold deposit- gold became the monetary standard
• She traveled the world with her money and threw lavish parties
Parents:
• Father was an Irish ditch-digger
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Raised thousands for charities, had money and knew people with money
• Exploited position/fame to help underprivileged – progressive causes
• Never accepted into “sacred 36” and didn’t care
• Survived the Titanic sinking
• Kept fellow survivors calm, helped row lifeboat |
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Definition
Education: NA
Economic standing:
• Poor
• Worked as a farm hand in several place in Texas
Parents:
• Immigrant workers
• Youngest of eight children
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Greatest manhunt in Texas history
• Legend emerged
• Lawless area- rangers didn’t ask a lot of questions
• Sheriff misinterpreted Cortez’s questions
• His brother was shot and Cortez killed the sheriff
• Avoided authorities for several days
• Arrested and later acquitted of murdering sheriff and deputy |
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Definition
Education:
• Father taught him to read and write English
• An expert in working with horses
• Learned to speak Spanish
Economic standing:
• Born a slave on a plantation in TN
• Won a horse in a raffle at fifteen, split the money with his mother and found work on a ranch
• Became ranch’s buyer and main brand reader
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Professional cowboy
• Famous for his shot and roping skills
• Fought Indians as well as other outlaws
• Became known as “Deadwood Dick”
• Never achieve dime novel status because he was black
• Wrote an autobiography The Life and Adventures of Nat Love |
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Definition
Education:
• Attended public schools and Yale
• Paid for a draft during Civil War, allowed him to study in Europe
• Became ordained minister in Episcopal Church
• Yale’s first professor of political and social science
Economic standing:
• Middle
Parents:
• Father was an English artisan-immigrant
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Social Darwinist
• Advocated survival of the fittest, laissez faire results in the best
• Condemned taxes imposed on the middle class for programs meant to serve others, protective tariffs “legalized robbery” to benefit some rich over other people
• If the week can’t cut it, too bad
• Gradual Evolutionary Process- wants the middle class to increase in number- you have to try
• Opposed imperialism and inheritance laws
• Supported public education
• Combination and cooperation are fundamentally necessary |
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Term
| John Davidson Rockefeller, Sr. |
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Definition
Education:
• Dropped out of high school two months shy of graduation
• Commercial college – banking, bookkeeping, business law
• Worked at Hewitt and Tuttle Company
• Member of Erie Street Baptist Mission Church, became teacher
Economic standing:
• Born to Baptist mother and peddler father
• Father forced him to value money and trust no one, turned into obsession
• Father abandoned family
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Abolitionist
• Formed Standard Oil and South Improvement Company- latter designed to outsell other oil producers
• Practiced price discrimination, spying, bribery, restricting/eliminating supplies to competitors so as to drive them out of business, drawbacks
• Goal: to maintain control of oil industry - *invention of the car ensured longevity of oil industry - gas
• Government forced Standard Oil to dissolve
• Prohibitionist
• Charities: church, University of Chicago, Institute of Med Research
• Bestowed money regardless of race, creed, or sex, and gave away a billion dollars to charitable trusts
• Hired Ivy Lee, one of America’s first public relations people to help improve his image |
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Definition
Education:
• Taught himself multiple subjects
• Was a public school teacher and Union Soldier
• BA and master’s from George Washington University
• Law and medicine degree from Johns Hopkins University
Economic standing:
• Youngest of ten children
• Grew up poor
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Outspoken critic of Social Darwinism
• American Reform Darwinist
• Modest but competitive, level playing field
• Everybody is equal
• Eliminate laissez faire- caused monopolies
• Universal public education, raise taxes as a result
• Start with compulsory school laws, start helping the weak
• Immigration: Europeans were inferior
• Force immigrant children in school |
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Definition
Education:
• Investigative journalist and biographer
Economic standing:
• Born on her grandparents’ farm
• Graduated from Allegheny College with a major in biology
• Wrote for McClure’s magazine, became a “muckraker”
• Father and brother were independent oil businessman opposed to the transactions of Rockefeller and Standard Oil Company
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Critic of Social Darwinist
• It was Tarbell’s writings about John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company which insured her fame – nicknamed “Ida Tarbarrel”
• Acknowledged Rockefeller had made the oil business much more efficient but stated that his use of such strategies as special rebated and drawbacks were not only immoral but illegal
• Advocated creation of a more government-regulated type of the economy, totally rejecting socialism, communism, and Social Darwinsim |
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Definition
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Jewish from Russia
• Received some formal schooling before immigrating to NY
• Worked low paying jobs and married poor
• Urged people to steal food if they were starving and was arrested
• Spoke out for women’s rights and birth control
• Led public opposition to conscription of Americanmen to figh tin WWI
• Denounced Communism
• Anarchist
• Don’t need government, everybody will contribute an equal share and help everyone else
• Idealistic/Romantic
• Spent time in jail, exiled to Russia |
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Term
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Definition
Education:
• Nursing school
• Arrested for publishing books and pamphlets on birth control
• Left for England
• Daughter Peggy died upon her return to New York
• All charges were dropped
Economic standing:
• Born into poor family
• Married well
Parents:
• Father was Irish, radical politics
• Mother was devout Catholic
• One of eleven children
• Poor
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Progressive – Reformer
• Socialist – sought to eliminate child labor and advocated guarantees of an eight hour day-five days a week work schedule for adult workers
• Promoted birth control and women’s control of their bodies
• Fought Catholic church, US Government, Medical Association |
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Definition
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Morality
• Against birth control
• Comstock Law- could not mail anything obscene, lewd, or lascivious, i.e. birth control, via the US postal service |
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Term
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Definition
Education:
• Rockville Female Seminary of Illinois
• Women’s Medical College of PA
Economic standing:
• Middle class
Parents:
• Father -banker, miller, Republican state senator, idealistic, Hicksite Quaker
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Settlement House program – Hull House worked immigrants
• Hull House: served the immigrant and poor community with numerous clubs, a day nursery, a kindergarten, a gymnasium, attended to especially Germans, Poles, Sicilians, Irish, Bohemians, Greeks
• Opposition to Spanish-American War
• Eliminate evils of child labor and prostitution
• Granting women the compulsory public education in a clean and wholesome environment
• Prohibition, honest government, better public schools
• Shared Nobel Prize for Peace with Nicholas Murray Butler- first American woman to be honored
• Supported free speech for anarchists, in wartime opposed censorship on the grounds that to suppress an idea would only make it more dangerous and drive it underground |
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Definition
Education:
• Dartmouth college
• Albany NY Law School
• Colonel in the Union Army
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Opposed federal law to restrict child labor
• Supported Spanish-American War
• Social Darwinist, laissez faire |
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Definition
Education:
• Democratic US Senator and Governor of GA
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Social Darwinist, laissez faire
• Against immigrants
• Criticized those for child labor laws |
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Definition
Education:
• Public schools
• Entered mining business
• Sergeant in the Union army during Civil War
• Banking enterprises and glass manufacturing
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• “The glasshouse worker of today becomes the glass manufacture of tomorrow.”
• Social Darwinist, laissez faire
• Criticized those for child labor laws |
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Definition
Education:
• Asbury college
• Practiced law and served as a Republican senator for Indiana
Economic standing:
• Did manual labor while attending college
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Nationalist, progressive, imperialist
• Supported women suffrage
• Pure Food and Drug Act
• Supported tariff reform
• Fought to curb evils of child labor
• Opposed US membership of League of Nations
• Wanted America to annex and dominate the Philippines and Cuba after the Spanish American War
• Racist |
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Term
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Definition
Education:
• Taught by tutor because of ill health as a child
• Spoke German, French, ancient Greek, read Italian, Portuguese, Latin, and archaic French
• Skilled ornithologist, paleontologist, taxidermist, and cowboy
• Wrote all of his speeches and published numerous books
• Columbia
• Republican in NY State Assembly
Parents:
• Affluent Dutch family
• Father was key figure- encourager
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Lead Rough Riders in Spanish American Ware
• Vice President for McKinley- became president after his death
• Instituted 43 anti-trust proceedings
• Coined term “muck rake”
• Thought states should regulate child labor was advocated strictly enforcing laws
• Conservation measures
• Opposed overt discrimination against African Americans
• Russo-Japanese War- agreed to mediate and received Nobel Peace Prize
• National Collegiate Athletic Association
• Followed two terms of Washington
• Tried to run again after Taft didn’t follow his progressive agenda but was unsuccessful
• Formed the Progressive Party, nicknamed Bull Moose
• Campaigned for greater federal regulation of big business, a constitutional amendment to guarantee women’s suffrage, equality for all races, especially for African Americans, pensions for old age and poor widowed mothers, a federal income tax, conservation efforts, abolition of child labor, unemployment compensation, minimum wage
• Disagreed with Wilson’s League of Nations plan |
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Term
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Definition
Education:
Economic standing:
Parents:
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Nationalist, Progressive, Imperialist
• Racist
• “America first and America only!”
• “God has made us the master organizers of the world to establish system where chaos reigns.”
• Wanted to take the Philippines- part of Manifest Destiny- civilize the Philippines, educate them, Christianize them (they were Catholics, turn to Protestants)
• Keep possession- make it Democratic
• National Security- Progressive- Anglo-Tutonic Superiority |
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Term
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Definition
Education:
• Born in Germany
• University of Bonn with doctorate in history
• Served in German Revolutionary Army
• Moved to US and became active abolitionist in Republican Party
• General in Union Army
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Anti-Imperialist- opposed to bringing into the fold people whose language, customs, and institutions differed greatly from Americans, creation of a vast colonial bureaucracy, increased military spending, and an imperialistic policy in violation of the first paragraphs of the Declaration of Independence
• Topic of Imperialism- it was wrong to annex “tropical peoples” who had not been socialized as Americans and that, if annexed, they would fall prey to unscrupulous businessmen
• “Our country when right, to be kept right; when wrong, to be put right.”
• Criticized Manifest Destiny
• Republican
• Considered Philippinos inferior
• Need the military if to stay in Philippines- build an empire- could end with war against Japan- predicted war with Germany |
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Term
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Definition
Education:
• Fundamentalist Christian
• Labeled “The Great Commoner”
Economic standing:
Parents:
• Middle-class
• Father was judge, both parents were devout Presbyterians who stressed the role of conservative Christianity in the home and public affairs
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Progressive-Populist Democrat with a Social Gospel emphasis on Christian socialism to help the common people
• Opposed warlike expansionism and imperialism
• Spoke out about how high tariffs and a tight money policy harshly affected farmers
• Populist and Democratic party nomination for president- lost three different elections- leader for working class
• Established The Commoner, a newspaper
• Semi-racist
• Worry was Big Business through expansionism: hire cheap labor- in turn, hurts American labor
• Wanted a strong middle class- in turn, preserves the family
• Women’s suffrage, prohibition, Federal Reserve Act, tariff reductions, direct election of senators, federal income tax
• Maintained US should not recognize any govt. which gained power by “disorder, personal intrigues, and defiance of constitutional rights”
• Wanted to establish stable form of govt. in Philippines and give them freedom
• Argued African Americans were equal to whites if given same opportunities, but did not oppose racial segregation of the federal civil service during his tenure in Wilson administration
• Fall from prominence: joined prosecution team for Scopes Trial |
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Term
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Definition
Education:
• Dyslexic, couldn’t read until age nine
• PRINCETON
• Practiced law
• PhD in history from Johns Hopkins
• Professor of history
• Wrote biography on Washington
Parents:
• Stern mother and moralistic, white racist Presbyterian preacher father
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Progressive Democrat
• Intolerant of stupidity
• Moralistic/Idealistic
• Underwood Tariff Act- lowered tariff duties on goods needed by farmers and consumers, Federal Reserve Act, and Federal Trade Commission Act
• Against child labor
• Didn’t support women’s suffrage until after WWI
• Opposed extreme white supremacists but agreed to segregation
• Supported Spanish-American War; intervened unsuccessfully in Mexico’s revolution
• Applied Monroe Doctrine to Virgin Islands, Haiti, D.R., Nicaragua, Santo Domingo, Cuba- meant he would not interfere so long as other countries there had govt.’s based on law and protected American businesses
• Declared war against Germany- urged for League of Nations- received Nobel Peace Prize |
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Term
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Definition
Education:
• Read poetry, novels, and travel-logs as a child
• HARVARD
• Practiced law
• Professor of history
• Wrote biography on Washington
Parents:
• Protestant and wealthy
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Served in House and Senate as Republican
• Progressive and Conservative on domestic issues
• Protective tariffs for big business but not any extensive government regulation of them
• Pushed for civil rights for African Americans
• Didn’t favor direct election of senators, initiative, referendum, recall, and a national law restricting child labor so as not to hurt the owners of mills or other factories
• Didn’t like federal income tax
• Supported Spanish-American War, annexation of the Philippines to the US, a strong two ocean navy, and defeat of Germany during WWI.
• Lodge Corollary to Monroe Doctrine- the US would forbid any foreign interests/government to gain or acquire “practical power or control” over any territory in the Western Hemisphere
• Wanted English, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, French, and Scotch-Irish; didn’t like Italians, Russians, Poles, Hungarians, Bohemians, or Austrians |
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Definition
Education:
• American citizen; at time of war, Japanese Americans were forced into concentration camps due to security control
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Violated curfew laws, didn’t report to concentration camp, turned himself into FBI
• Arrested, but case was eventually resolved decades later, found not guilty |
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Definition
Economic standing:
• Parents were Alsatian French-immigrants that managed a grocery store
• Worked in railroad shops at young age
• Indiana House of Representatives
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Socialist- rejected revolutionary violence but advocated radical change through the legitimate political process
• Defined Socialism as the economic control and the democratic management of the means of production- the next natural stage in the evolution of human society
• Disgusted with society’s failure to grant equal rights for all people
• Christian
• Opposed to war- military draft “rich man’s war”
• Arrested for espionage- publicly opposed WWI
• Debs appealed to US Supreme Court but did not win (Holmes) |
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Term
Eleanor Roosevelt
“Little Nell” |
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Definition
Parents:
• “River People” old Dutch-English
• Wealthy
• Mother-in-law lived with her, big influence/factor in her married and personal life
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Responsible for UN declaration for human rights (similar to Wilson’s democracy)
• TR’s favorite niece
• Idealist
• Realistic Pacifist who supported a strong national defense and a military draft; disagreed with internment of Japanese Americans
• FDR was the Realist
• “Talk to opponents!” (similar to Williams James Brown ) diplomacy
• Civil rights for all, better conditions for workers, higher pay for teachers, conservation of natural resources, better health standards for children, opposed to book censorship
• One of first US delegates to UN- view of UN was one of pragmatism not idealism |
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Definition
Education:
• Law School of University of Michigan
Main Arguments/Points Regarding Abstract Question:
• Progressive Democrat
• Fought for farmers, laborers, small business owners
• Opposed US participation in WWII until Pearl Harbor
• Feared membership in UN- thought clause (pledged members to provide armed forces to the Security Council when the Council deemed it necessary to keep peace) would deprive US Senate of its right to decide whether or not to enter war |
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