Term
| What type of vaccines is Diphteria? |
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Definition
| Formalin inactivated toxoid |
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Term
| Which vaccine preventable disease have reservoirs other than humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which one is the adult and which one is the pediatric presentation of diphteria, pertussis and tetanus vaccine? |
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Definition
The pediatric presentation is DTaP ( ep to 7 years of age).
The adolescent and adult presentation is Dtap. The difference lies in the concentration of toxoid and vaccine components that is increased in the infant presetnation. |
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Term
| Which type of vaccine is acellular pertussis? |
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Definition
| Subunit vaccine with purified inactivated components of the bacteria |
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Term
| Which methods can be used to know which model best predicts the observed data? |
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Definition
Pearson (R squared) correlation coeficietn. Ranges from 0 (no variability explained) to 1 (all variability explained). Pearson increases with every covar added to the model, even if it is irrelevant, so it may be close to 1 even if the model does not fit.
Cross-Validation:Split data in 2 parts. Build: estimate the competitive models using part A. Fit: Compare predictions using B. Time intensive. Requires large data set.
Clever-Cross Validation: estimate model by leaving one obs out.
AIC: compare different MLR with different number of covar. Choose the lowest number value as the best model. Can be used with dfferent models: MLR, Log-Linear Regression, Log Regression. |
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Term
| What is the most common presentation of pneumococcal disease for adults? |
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Definition
| Pneumonia, accounting for 36% of community acquired and 50% of hospital acquired. 175K hosp/yr. Then Bactremia and finally meningitis, which is common after cochlear implants |
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Term
| What is the most common presentation of invasive pneumococcal disease for infants? |
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Definition
| Bactremia w/o known site of infection. it is a frequent cause of acute otits media. Many cases of meningitis. |
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Term
| What type of vaccine is pneumococcal vaccine? |
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Definition
There are 2 types:
Pneumococcal Polysacharide Vaccine: Purified Capsular PS of 23 different serotypes. Not effective <2yrs of age.
Conjugate PS Vaccine: Purified Capsular PS of 7 serotypes. Higher efficacy. Less AR than PPSV. |
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Term
| Which serotype of N. meningitidis is the etiologic agent of epidemics in the African Belt? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does Pneumococcal CPSV protect against invasive disease? |
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Definition
| Yes. It has better efficacy than PPSV against invasive disease. Its protection is less against P pneumonia. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the process of chemically bonding a PS to a carrier protein, which is a much more immunogenic, particularly in young children. It shifts the immune response from T-cell independent, to T-cell dependent. |
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Term
| What are some of the advantages of the Hib conjugate vaccine over the non-conjugate type? |
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Definition
| Conjugate vaccine generates better immunity in young children. Allows a booster response with repeated doses, with maturation of type specific immunity, especially of IgG Ab. |
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Term
| What are the most common types of invasive Hib disease? |
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Definition
| The most common type is meningitis, with 50%. Other forms are epiglotitis, pneumonia (15%), and bactremia (2%). |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd generation cephalosporin and hospitlization |
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Term
| Is breastfeeding protective vs Hib? |
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Definition
| Yes. IgG maternal Ab are passed through the placenta providing protection until BF stops. In pre-vaccine era, peak attack rates occured at 6-7 months of age. |
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Term
| Is susceptibility to Hib related to age? |
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Definition
| Yes, it has been observed that disease is rare after age 5. Cross-reaction with other similar organism with a similar antigenic structure as the capusle of Hib have been postulated in the development of protection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Its infectivity is limited. Outbreaks have been observed in relation to close contact and in institutional settings. |
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Term
| Are Inactivated vaccines affected by circulating Ab? |
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Definition
| As a general rule, inactivated vaccines are not affected by circulating Ab |
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Term
| Are live attenuated vaccines affected by circulating Ab? |
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Definition
| Yes, LAV can be affected by circulating Ab to the Ag. |
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Term
| For which diseases is vaccine and immune globulin administered at the same time for post-exposure prophylaxis? |
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Definition
| Hepatitis B, tetanus, rabies. |
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Term
| How do live vaccines work? |
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Definition
| They must replicate in order for them to generate an immune response. |
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Term
| Does simultaneous administration of the most commonly used vaccines interfere with immune response? |
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Definition
| As a general rule, all vaccines can be administered at the same visit as all other vaccines. |
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Term
| What happens if you decrease the interval of administration of a multidose vaccine? |
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Definition
| Decreasing the interval may result in less than optimal immune response. This will not happens if you increase the interval between multidose vaccines. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. This is a monitoring system run by CDC and FDA where public and private sector are able to report any adverse event related to vaccination. |
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Term
| What are some of the limitations of VAERS? |
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Definition
| Can't estimate RR, IR, or establish causal relation between vaccine and AE. It is used to generate Hypothesis. |
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Term
| What are some of the advantages of VAERS? |
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Definition
It is National.
It is sensitive to RARE EVENTS
Useful of Hypothesis generation. |
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Term
| Which vaccines should not be administered during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| NEVER give live vaccines. HPV its the only non live vaccine that should be deferred until after pregnancy. Pregnant women sould receive the Inactivated influenza vaccine. |
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Term
| Which presentation should be used to provide protection vs tetanus and diphteria during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| Td, although Tdap is not contraindicated during pregnancy. |
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Term
| Which vaccines should not be given during breastfeeding? |
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Definition
| The only vaccine CI during BF is smallpox. All vaccine of the schedule can be given during BF |
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Term
| What are some of the most important barriers for vaccine implementation? |
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Definition
1. Funding for intro into EPI program
2. Cold Chain
3. Coverage
4. Infrastructure
5. Competing health issues
6. Social/Cultural issues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Product administered to produce an immune response against a pathogen for prevention or treatment of a disease. |
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Term
| What are the factors that increase severity and susceptibility to measles in developing countries? |
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Definition
1. Poverty
2. Crowding
3. Vitamin A deficiency
4. Undernutrition
5. Low vaccine coverage
6. HIV infection
7. Young age of infection |
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Term
| How are adverse events related to vaccination classified? |
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Definition
Vaccine induced
Vaccine potentiated
Programmatic error
Coincidental |
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Term
| Mention 4 criteria for disease eradication |
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Definition
1. No reservoir other than human
2. Effective vaccine
3. Political will
4. Effective strategy
5. No chronic stage |
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Term
| What is the logic behind the strategy of providing OPV and then IPV? |
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Definition
| OPV can be used at births and will provide excellent GI immunity. It will protect vs the disease until IPV can be provided. |
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Term
| What is the schedule for OPV? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the risk factors for paralytic polio? |
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Definition
1. Male
2. Adult over 18
3. Trauma, qx or strenuous exercise during incubation.
4. Not being vaccinated |
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Term
| What type of vaccine is OPV? |
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Definition
| Live attenuated trivalent vaccine grown in monkey kidney tissue culture. |
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Term
| What type of vaccine is IPV? |
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Definition
| Formaldehyde inactivated trivalent vaccine. Grown in MK tissue culture. |
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Term
| When was polio first described? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| This refers to immunodeficeny vaccine derived polio virus. It is one of the mayor obstacles to polio eradication. It is seen in people with B cell deficiency. It increase the time they excrete the virus and increases the risk of disease. |
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Term
| How common is Vaccine Associated Paralytic Polio |
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Definition
| 1 case per 750K vaccinated (1 dose). It is less frequent with subsequent doses. |
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Term
| Mention the factors that affect polio control |
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Definition
1. Poverty
2. Crowding
3. Surveillance lagging
4. Low coverage
5. Social/cultural issues |
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Term
| Is there an asymptomatic carrier state with polio? |
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Definition
| Yes, but only in immunodeficient. |
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Term
| What would be needed to stop OPV? |
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Definition
1. Stop transmission of wild poliovirus
2. Stockpile of mOPV
3. Ensure that surveillance system are working.
4. Implement IPV in biohazard setting.
5. Synchronize cessation of OPV vaccine |
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Term
| How many countries were reported as endemic in 2008? |
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Definition
| Nigeria, Pakistan, Afghanistan and India. |
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Term
| What organization is leading the efforts to eradicate polio? |
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Definition
| It is a partnership called the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Formed by WHO, UNICEF, CDC and Rotary International. The paln to eradicate polio was first launched in 1985 by PAHO. |
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Term
| What are some of the advantages of using mOPV instead of OPV? |
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Definition
| It has better efficacy than OPV |
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Term
| What type of vaccine is HPV? |
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Definition
| Recombinant vaccine. L1 capsid Ag is expressed on yeast cells. The protein self-assembles into a viron. |
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Term
| Which are that are always included in HPV vaccines and why? |
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Definition
| 16 and 18. 16 is the most frequent cause of CaCu worldiwide. 16 and 18 together are the cause of 70% of CaCu and anal carcinoma in males. In Gardisil, serotypes 6 and 11 are also included, which cause low grade cervical abnormalities and warts. |
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Term
| When should HPV be given? |
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Definition
| At 11-12 yrs. Not after 26 yrs of age. |
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Term
| What type of vaccine is the Trivalent Influenza Vaccine? |
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Definition
| Subunit inactivated vaccine. Virus grown in chicken eggs. Vaccine contains 3 types of virus: 2 A (depends on circulating strain) and 1 B |
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Term
| Does TIV has similar efficacy in old an young people? |
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Definition
| No. Vaccine efficacy is better in <65 yrs (70-90% vs 30-40%). |
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Term
| Would you administer TIV during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| Yes. TIV can be given at any point during pregnancy. Pregnancy increases 4x risk of hospitalization. |
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Term
| What is the most serious adverse event related to TIV regarding the severity of it? |
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Definition
| Gillian-Barre Sx. Risk increased in people with previous dx. It is rare. |
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