Term
| Which infectious diseases have been largely controled by vaccine? |
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Definition
1) Smallpox
2) Haemophilus influenzae type b
3) MMR- Measles, Mumps, Rubella
4) DPT- Diphtheria, Polio (rarely cause the disease), Neonatal tatus |
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Term
| What types of immune response do subunit and killed vaccines produce? |
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Definition
Antibody-mediated
Live-attenuated can also create T cell response |
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Term
| Which important infectious diseases lack a vaccine? |
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Definition
1) TB
2) Malaria
3) HIV
4) Worms
5) Diarrheal (rotavirus, norovirus)
6) Respiratory (RSV)
7) STI
8) Trypanosomal |
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Term
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Definition
1) Small reservoir that is left unvaccinated rarely becomes ill
2) Live vaccines can be assed between individuals |
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Term
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Definition
**Better immune response but more side effects **
1) MMR
2) Smallpox
3) BCG
4) Oral polio |
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Term
| Which vaccines are killed/inactivated? |
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Definition
**More doses with Ab response but less side effects**
1) Whole pertussis
2) Inactivated polio
3) Hep A |
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Term
| Which vaccines are Subunits? |
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Definition
** Repeated doses with adjuvant leading to Ab response **
1) Hep B
2) Tetanus
3) Diphtheria
4) Hib
5) Acellular pertussis (used more than whole killed) |
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Term
| What is the # doses/timeframe for Hepatitis B vaccination? |
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Definition
Subunit vaccine
3 doses between birth-18 months |
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Term
| What is the # doses/timeframe for DTaP vaccination? |
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Definition
Diphtheria and Tetanis and Acellular Pertussis are Subunit Vaccines
- 3 doses in first 6 months, 15-18 months and 4-6 years. |
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Term
| What is the # doses/timeframe for inactivated Polio vaccination? |
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Definition
Killed/inactivated Vaccine
- 3 doses in first 6 months and booster at 4-6 years |
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Term
| What is the # doses/timeframe for Hib vaccination? |
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Definition
Subunit Vaccine
2-3 doses in first 6 months |
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Term
| What is the # doses/timeframe for VZV (varimax) vaccination? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the # doses/timeframe for MMR vaccination? |
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Definition
Live vaccine
1 dose at 12-18 months |
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Term
| What is the # doses/timeframe for Pneumococcal vaccination (PCV)? |
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Definition
| 4 doses in first 15 months |
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Term
| What is the # doses/timeframe for Hep A vaccination? |
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Definition
Killed vaccine
2 doses after 12 months |
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Term
| What is the # doses/timeframe for HPV quadrrivalent vaccination? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the # doses/timeframe for Influenza vaccination? |
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Definition
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Term
| What viruses does the MMR vaccine treat and what are their clinical manifestations? |
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Definition
MMR is live vaccine given after 12 months, which is problematic for some young children
1) Mumps (Paramixovirus) grown in chick embryo cell culture
- Causes acute infection with parotid and salivary swelling (can have meningitis complications)
2) Measles (Paramixovirus) grown in cell culture
- Contagious respiratory transmission with cough and Koplik spots in mouth, followed by facial rash
3) Rubella (Togavirus)
- Respiratory-acquired infection (post-natal is mild rash, but congenital is severe with cardiac, CNS and death. |
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Term
| What virus(es) does the Chickenpox vaccine treat and what is (are) their clinical manifestations? |
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Definition
VZV (Herpes DNA virus) is live attenuated vaccine (Varivax) and is 86% against varicella and 100% against complications
1) Respiratory transmission with disseminated latency in sensory ganglia
2) Primary infection causes varicella with fever headaches, malaise and exanthematous rash (centripital)
3) Reactivation causes herpes zoster (shingles) in 15% of infected people with clustered, dermatomal lesions that are very painful (usually supplied by same spinal nerve) |
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Term
| What virus does the Smallpox vaccine treat and what are their clinical manifestations? |
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Definition
Variolla (Pox virus) is a live attenuated vaccine
- Variola major (20-50% mortality) and minor in humans and transmitted by close contact
- URT and spreads to lymph nodes and throughout body, evolving from maculopapules to vesicles, pustules and scaps over 1-2 weeks. |
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Term
| What features define HPV vaccination and clinical manifestation? |
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Definition
HPV is non-enveloped, encapsulated dsDNA virus (Papovavirus) with >100 genotypes.
- Causes genital warts (6 and 11) and cervical cancer (16 is 50% and 18 is 20%)
- Gardisil with "alum" adjuvent uses non-infectious capsid-like particle composed of L1 capsid from HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 to induce Ab response
- GSK made recombinant capsid in insect cells with AS05 adjuvant to target 16 and 18 only
- given to 11-13 year olds |
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Term
| What features define Bordetella pertussis vaccination and clinical manifestation? |
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Definition
Vaccine can be acellular (multiple subunits) or whole (inactivated but more side effects)
1) Gram-negative, fastidiously aerobic coccobacillus that causes tracheitis and bronchitis with mucus, cells and bacteria
2) Kids get it bad (life threatening with neurological sequele such as convulsions), but Adults (looks like a cold) are important reservoir
3) Early, mild stages are most infectious |
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Term
| What is the pathogenesis of B. pertussis? |
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Definition
Gram negative, fastidiously aerobic coccobacilli.
1) Enter trachea and bronchi by inhalation and attach to cilia of epithelium with filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pili and Pertussis toxin
2) Spread to LRT, leading to inflammation of the submucosa, cell destruction and persistent cough (can't clear material because escalator is impaired)
3) PT (A-B toxin) ADP-ribosylates Gi, leading to cAMP increase in host and
- Adenylate cyclase produced by B. pertussis as well
- Tracheal cytotoxin derived from peptidoglycan kills ciliated cells in escalator
- Heat labile toxin also damages epithelium |
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Term
| What virulence factors are associated with B. pertussis? |
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Definition
2) PT (A-B toxin) ADP-ribosylates Gi, leading to cAMP increase in host with disrupted cell signaling
2) Adenylate cyclase produced by B. pertussis as well
3) Tracheal cytotoxin derived from peptidoglycan kills ciliated cells in escalator
4) Heat-labile toxin also involved in tissue damage |
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Term
| How is transcriptional regulation of virulence gene expression achieved in B. pertussis? |
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Definition
Bvg two-component system (bvgA, bvgS)
1) BvgS histidine kinase senses environmental signals (37 degrees or low Mg) and phosphorylates BvgA
2) BvgA is transcriptional activator of PT, fha genes, ect. |
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