Term
| What is the overall function of the kidneys? |
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Definition
| They regulate the inner environment of the body. They do this by controlling water-electrolyte balance and removing waste products. They also produce Renin and Vitamin D |
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Term
| What are the functional units of the kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the bulk of the energy used for by the kidney? |
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Definition
| The active transport of sodium, electrolytes and other substances. |
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Term
| Describe juxtomedullary nephrons. |
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Definition
| Long nephrons that go into the medulla. |
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Term
| List what is absorbed in the proximal tubule. |
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Definition
| Water, electrolytes, glucose and amino acids |
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Term
| The anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) acts on what structure(s) in the kidney? |
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Definition
| Distal and collecting tubules |
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Term
| What usually causes kidney damage resulting from urinary tract obstruction? |
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Definition
| Ischemia and back pressure |
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Term
| What is the most common type of kidney stone in people with urinary tract infections? |
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Definition
| Magnesium ammonium phosphate |
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Term
| Why is Aspirin not recommended for pain relief in people with gouty arthritis? |
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Definition
| Aspirin will decrease the secretion of uric acid into the renal tubules |
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Term
| How is cranberry or blueberry juice thought to control and prevent UTIs? |
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Definition
| They are thought to reduce the bacterial adheasion to the epitheial of the urinary tract. |
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Term
| Describe glomerulonephritis. |
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Definition
| This is an inflammation of the glomerular structures. I can lead to kidney failure. It can include some bacterial infections and immune diseases. |
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Term
| What does glomerulonephritis result from? |
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Definition
| It is an immune response. |
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Term
| Describe acute proliferative glomerulonephritis. |
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Definition
| It is an increase in cellular components of the glomerulus, along with edema, oliguria, proteinuria and hemturia. |
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Term
| What are the endocrine functions of the kidney? |
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Definition
| Activation of Vitamin D and the production of erythorpoetin. |
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Term
| What is a substance normally found in urine that closely reflects the glomerular filtration rate? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the Urine specific gravity test. |
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Definition
| It tests the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. |
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Term
| What does Aldosterone increase the reabsorption of and what does anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) increase the reabsorption of? |
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Definition
| Sodium and Water – respectively |
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Term
| What type of renal response is given for people who eat high-protein meals or have high glucose levels in their blood? |
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Definition
| Increases in renal blood flow and GFR |
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Term
| What is the most common complication with urinary tract obstruction? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the most common inherited disease that affects the kidneys? |
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Definition
| Polycystic kidney disease |
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Term
| What is a characteristic sign of polycystic kidney disease? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What blood test is used to detect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal function? |
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Definition
| Test the creatinine levels in the blood |
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Term
| What are the effects of kidney agenesis or hypoplasia if it affects one kidney in the body? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the effects of cystic disease on the kidney. |
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Definition
| Tubular dialation, tubular obstructions, and increased pressure at the basement membrane |
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Term
| What prevention measure can be used to prevent all types of kidney stones? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which population is least susceptible to urinary tract infections? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the most common cause of nosocomial urinary tract infections? |
|
Definition
| Catheters you get in the hospital |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of lower urinary tract infections (UTIs)? |
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Definition
| Enuresis, Dysuria, Subrupubic discomfort, frequency |
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Term
| Edema that develops in people with glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome indicate what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the location and the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. |
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Definition
| Located at the distal convuluted tubule and the afferent and efferent arterioles – Its function is to regulate each Nephron. |
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Term
| The most frequent causes of intrarenal failure are: |
|
Definition
| Acute tubular necrosis, hypoxia, exposure to nephrotioxic poisonous substances. |
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|
Term
| What can cause the interruption of renal blood flow? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe acute tubular necrosis. |
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Definition
| Destructive changes in tubular epithelium |
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|
Term
| What causes the majority of acute tubular necrosis? |
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Definition
| Nephrotoxic agents, lschemia |
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|
Term
| End-stage renal disease is characterized by what alterations? |
|
Definition
| Alterations in Filtration and reabsorption |
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|
Term
| What is an early sign of renal failure? |
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Definition
| Increased nitrogenous waste levels in the blood. |
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Term
| Describe nocturia and its symptoms? |
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Definition
| Urination at night characterized by the inability to concentrate urine. |
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|
Term
| What is the moving force of filtration? |
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Definition
| The blood pressure in the glomerulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| It is caused by impaired synthesis of erythopoitin |
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|
Term
| What can cause the development of hypertension in a person with renal failure? |
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Definition
| Increase in intravascular fluid, and the rennin-angiotion conversion mechanism. |
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Term
| Failure to empty the urine from the bladder or flaccid dysfunction is caused by what conditions? |
|
Definition
| Interrupted afferent and efferent innervations of the bladder. |
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Term
| What is a common cause of flaccid bladder dysfunction? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common sign of bladder cancer? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure distal to the base of the bladder is responsible for continence? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of early stages of obstruction to urine outflow from the bladder? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main levels of neurological control of bladder function? |
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Definition
| Spinal reflex ctr., cerebral cortex, pontine micturition center |
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Term
| The reflex control of bladder emptying occurs at what level? |
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Definition
| Sacral part of the Spinal Cord |
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|
Term
| What is the most common cause of urinary obstruction in males? |
|
Definition
| Benign prostatic hyperplasmosis |
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|
Term
| What can cause the failure to store urine? |
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Definition
| Reflex bladder spasm, a decrease of the bladder volume, interference with motor inervation |
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Term
| What can happen as a result of a stroke that affects the cortex or corticospinal pyramidal tract? |
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Definition
| One becomes unable to tell when the bladder is full and they’ll void suddenly without warning. |
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