Term
|
Definition
Myelinated fibers
position sense, fine touch, fast adapting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Myelinated fibers
deep skin, ligaments, joints
vibration, pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
akak tactile meniscus
large myelinated fibers
hair follicles
position sense, static touch, slow adapting |
|
|
Term
Location of synthesis?
NE
Dopamine
5-HT
ACh
GABA |
|
Definition
NE: locus ceruleus
Dopamine: Ventral tegmentum, SNc
5-HT: Raphe nucleus
ACh: Basal nucleus of Meynert
GABA: Nucleus accumbens |
|
|
Term
Hypothalamic nuclei function
Supraoptic
Paraventricular
Lateral
Ventromedial
Anterior
Posterior
Suprachiasmatic |
|
Definition
Supraoptic: ADH synth
Paraventricular: oxytocin synth
Lateral: hunger, inhibited by leptin. Destruction causes anorexia.
Ventromedial: Satiety. Stimulated by leptin. Destruction causes hyperphagia and sham rage.
Anterior: Cooling, parasympathetic. Destruction causes hyperthermia.
Posterior: Heating, sympathetic. Destruction causes hypothermia.
Suprachiasmatic: circadian rhythm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Don't Eat Greasy Food (lateral -> medial)
Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial
Lateral: voluntary extremity movement
Medial: Balance, truncal coordination |
|
|
Term
| Anterior spinal artery damage |
|
Definition
"medial medullary syndrome"
paralysis/hemiparesis (pyramids)
loss of proprioception (medial lemniscus)
CN XII paralysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lateral medullary syndrome
contralateral loss of pain/temp (anterolateral tract)
ipsilateral dysphagia, hoarseness, loss of gag reflex (CNs IX, X)
vertigo, diplopia, nystagmus, vomiting (CN VIII)
ipsilateral Horners (descending sympathetic fibers)
loss of ipsilateral facial sensation (CN V)
ipsilateral ataxia (inf cerebellar peduncle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lateral inferior pontine syndrome
ipsilateral facial paralysis (VII)
ipsilateral nystagmus (VIII)
ipsilateral loss of facial sensation (V)
ipsilateral ataxia (mid and inf cerebella peduncles) |
|
|
Term
| Post. cerebral artery damage |
|
Definition
| contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing |
|
|
Term
| Middle cerebral artery damage |
|
Definition
contralateral face/arm paralysis/sensory loss
aphasia (dominant hemisphere)
neglect (nondominant hemisphere) |
|
|
Term
| Anterior cerebral artery damage |
|
Definition
| contralateral leg/foot paralysis/sensory loss |
|
|
Term
| Anterior communicating artery damage |
|
Definition
visual field defects (optic chiasm)
(most common aneurysm location) |
|
|
Term
| Posterior communicating artery damage |
|
Definition
CN III palsy
(common aneurysm location) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
during severe hypotension
Between anterior/middle or posterior/middle
upper leg/upper arm weakness (ant/mid)
higher-order visual processing (post/mid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pons damage, "locked in" syndrome, CN III spared |
|
|
Term
Ischemic brain damage?
>5 minutes
0-12 hours
12-48 hrs
24-72 hrs
3-5 days
1-2 weeks
> 2 weeks |
|
Definition
> 5 mins: irreversible damage
0-12 hrs: No visible change!
12-48 hrs: "red neurons"
24-72 hrs: necrosis, PMN infiltrates
3-5 days: macrophage infiltrates
1-2 weeks: reactive glosis around area, liqu
efactive necrosis inside
>2 weeks: glial scar with central cyst |
|
|
Term
Alzheimer's disease
Associated genetics?
Histological? |
|
Definition
Early onset: APP (21), presenilin-1 (14) presenilin-2 (1), trisomy 21
Late onset: ApoE4 (19)
Protective: ApoE2 (19)
beta-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (abnormally phosphorylated tau protein).
Tangles correlate with degree of dementia. |
|
|
Term
Pick's disease
Features?
Histology? |
|
Definition
"frontotemporal dementia"
Dementia, aphasia, Parkinsonian aspects, disinhibition (personality changes)
Affects frontal lobe, anterior 1/3 of temporal lobe.
Pick bodies (aggregated tau protein) |
|
|
Term
Lewy body dementia
Features?
Histology? |
|
Definition
Parkinsonism, dementia, visual hallucinations
Lewy bodies (alpha-synuclein defect) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lewy body: alpha-synuclein, Parkinson's, DLB, more "granular"
Pick body: Pick's disease, more basophilic, "globular", displace nucleus. Silver stain, tau protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Grade IV astrocytoma
Can cross midline, hetereogeneous, necrotic, hemorrhages
GFAP positive, pseudopalisades around necrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arachnoid cell tumor, attached to meninges, resectable.
Spindle cells in whorls, psammoma bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Schwann cell tumor, can be intracranial, "acoustic neuroma", cerebropontine angle, resectable
S-100 positive, Antoni A area: Verocay bodies (palisading), highly cellular, Antoni B area: myxoid, low cellularity. Bilateral assoc. with NF2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rare, slow growing. Frontal lobes, Homogenous, gray.
Chicken-wire capillaries, "fried egg" oligodendrocytes, calcifications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low grade astrocytoma, childhood incidence.
Well circumscribed, posterior fossa, benign, good prog. Cystic with solid mass at edge.
GFAP+, Rosenthal fibers (eosinophilic, corkscrew), "hairy" astrocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primitive neuroectoderm tumor, childhood incidence, very malignant.
Solid mass, 4th ventricle.
Rosettes or perivascular pseudorosettes. Small blue cell tumor. Radiosensitive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ependymal cell tumor, childhood incidence, 4th ventricle, poor prog.
Perivascular pseudorosettes. Rod-shaped blepharaplasts near nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Childhood incidence. Cerebellar, assoc. with VHL with retinal angiomas. Can produce EPO.
Foamy cells, high vascularity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Benign tumor, from remnants of Rathke's pouch. NOT a pituitary adenoma. No hormone secretion. Calcification, unlike pituitary adenoma. Can compress chiasm. |
|
|
Term
| Hemiballism is associated with injury to what brain area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lentiform nucleus injury is seen in what disease?
What effects? |
|
Definition
Wilson's disease
Wing-beating tremor, psychosis. |
|
|
Term
| What are saccular aneurysms? |
|
Definition
AKA berry aneurysms.
Associated with ADPKD, Marfan, Ehler's Danlos.
Around the circle of Willis.
Cause SAH. |
|
|
Term
| 3 most common mitochondrial myopathies |
|
Definition
Myclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF)
Leber optic neuropathy
Mitochondrial encephalopathy with stroke-like episodes and lactic acidosis (MELAS)
- all actually have ragged red fibers - |
|
|
