Term
| Block cell wall synthesis by inhibiting peptidoglycan cross linking |
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Definition
| B-lactams = -"cillin", imipenem, aztreonam, cephalosporins |
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Term
| block peptidoglycan synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Disrupt bacterial cell wall membranes |
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Definition
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Term
| Block nucleotide synthesis |
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Definition
| Sulfonamides, trimethoprim (SMX, TMP) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| block protein synthesis at the 50s ribosomal subunit |
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Definition
| macrolides, streptogramins (dalfopristin, quinupristin), clindamycin,linezolid, chloramphenicol |
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Term
| block protein synthesis at the 30s ribosomal subunit |
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Definition
| aminoglycosides, tetracyclines |
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Term
| bacteriostatic antimicrobials |
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Definition
| ECSTaTiC = erythromycin, clindamycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, tetracylcine, chloramphenicol |
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Term
| Bactericidal antimicrobials |
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Definition
Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder =
Vancomycin, Fluoroquinolones, Penicillin, Aminoglycosides, cephalosporin, metronidazole |
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Term
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Definition
Mechanism: 1. block penicillin binding proteins 2. block transpeptidase cross linking 3. activate autolytic enzymes
USE: Gram + AND syphilis
BacteriCIDAL for gram +, gram - cocci and spirochetes
Tox: hypersensitivity and hemolytic anemia |
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Term
| Aminopenicillin = Amoxicillin and Ampicillin |
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Definition
Mechanism: Same as Penicillin but Broader Spectrum - penicillinase sensitive
- AmOxicillin has better Oral F
USE: Broader spectrum for gram + and some gram - rods
HELPS kill enterococci = H. inf, E. Coli, listeria, proteus, salmonella
Tox: hypersensitive, ampicillin rash, psuedomembranous colitis |
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Term
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Definition
B-lactamase inhibitor
Use with ampicillin, amoxicillin and anti-pseudomonals to prevent destruction by B-lactamase |
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Term
| Antipseudomonals - ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin |
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Definition
Mechanism: penicilin + extended spectrum
Use: Pseudomonas and gram - rods
penicillinase sensitive, use with clavulanic acid
Tox: hypersensitvity |
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Term
| B-lactamase (penicillinase) resistant = methicillin, dicloxacllin, nafcillin |
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Definition
Mechanism: Penicillin but resistant to B-lactamases; narrow spectrum
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Use: Staph Aureus EXCEPT MRSA
Tox: hypersensitivity
methicillin - interstitial nephritis |
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Term
| AMinopenicillins for gram + and enteric gram - rods |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ticarcillin, piperacillin, carbenacillin |
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Term
| B-lactamase resistant penicillins |
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Definition
| dicloxacillin, methicillin, nafcillin |
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Term
| B-lactamase inhibitors - added to penicillins to protect from B lactamases |
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Definition
| CAST = clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam |
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Term
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Definition
B lactam that inhibits cell wall synthesis by inhibiting cross linking of peptidoglycan and not as suseptible to B-lactamases
BACTERICIDAL |
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Term
| 4th generation cephalosporin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
4th generation cephalosporin
Psuedomonas and gram + |
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Term
| 3rd generation cephalosporins |
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Definition
| ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime |
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Term
| ceftriaxone, ceftazidine, cefotaxime` |
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Definition
| 3rd generation cephalosporins - serious gram negative infections resistant to other B lactams |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2nd generation cephalosporin |
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Definition
| cefoxitin, cefaclor, cefuroxime |
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Term
| cefoxitin, cefaclor, cefuroxime |
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Definition
2nd generation cephalosporins
gram positive cocci and HEN PEcKS = H. infl, enterobactor, neisseria, proteus, e. coli, Klebsiella, serratia |
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Term
| 1st generation cephalosporin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1st generation cephalosporins -
gram + cocci and PEcK = proteus, e. coli, klebsiella |
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Term
| Toxicity with cephalosporins |
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Definition
hypersensitivity
cross reactivity with peniciilins (10%)
increased nephrotoxicity with aminoglycosides
disulfuram rxn with ethanol |
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Term
| Toxicity with cephalosporins |
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Definition
hypersensitivity
cross reactivity with peniciilins (10%)
increased nephrotoxicity with aminoglycosides
disulfuram rxn with ethanol |
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Term
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Definition
B lactamase resistant monobactam
inihibts cell wall synthesis and crosslinking of peptidoglycan by binding PBP3
Synergy with AMINOGLYCOSIDES and NO crossreactivity with penicillin or cephalosporin
USE: Gram - Rods ONLY
given to penicillin allergic pts and pts with renal insufficiency who cannot use aminoglycosides
Tox: little/gi |
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Term
| Imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem |
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Definition
B lactamase resistant carbanepem that block peptidoglycan cross links
USE: Broad spectrum, gram + cocci, gram - rods, anaerobes
LIFE THREATENING INFECTIONS OR REFRACTORY TO TX
Toxicity: GI, skin rash, SEIZURE
no seizure with meorpenem |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents breakdown of imipinem in the kidney as a renal dihydropeptidase I inhibitor |
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Term
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Definition
Mechanism:
BacteriCIDAL and inhibits cell wall synthesis of peptidoglycan by binding D-ala D-ala cell wall precursor
USE: GRAM POSITIVE ONLY - serious and multidrug resistant - S. aureus, enterococi, C. Dificile
Tox: Oto, Nephro, thrombophlebitis, flusihing (red man syndrome) can reduce with pre-antihistamines and slow transfusion
Resistance - D ala D ala becomes D ala D lac |
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Term
| Protein synthesis inhibitors - 30s |
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Definition
Aminoglycosides
Tetraclycine |
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Term
| Protein synthesis inibitors - 50 s |
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Definition
CCELL
Clindamycin
chloramphenicol
erythromycin
lincomycin
linezolid |
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Term
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Definition
30 s inhibitor, Bactericidal
Mechanism: inhibits formation of initiation complex and causes mRNA misreading
- requires O2
USE: severe gram - rods
Neomycin in bowel surgery
Synergy with aztreonam
Tox: nephro (esp with cephalosporin), oto with loop diuretics
TERATOGEN
Resistance - transferase enzymes inactivate the drug by acetylation, phosphorylation, adenylation |
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Term
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Definition
GNATS
Gentamicin, neomycin, amikacin, tobramycin, streptomycin |
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Term
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Definition
| tetracyline, doxycycline, demeclocycline, minocycline |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteriostatic, bind 30s and prevent attachement of aminoacyl t-RNA
- limited in CNS
USE: borellia, mycoplasma pneumo, h. pylori, CHLAMYDIA, RICKETTSIA
- doxycylcine with renal failure - excreted fecally
- do NOT take with milk, antacids, Fe - divalent cations prevent absorption
Tox: GI, discolored teeth, decreased bone growth in kids, photosensitive
C/I in pregnacy
Resistance - decreased uptake or increased efflux |
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Term
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Definition
| ADH antagonist - SIADH as a diuretic |
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Term
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Definition
| erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin |
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Term
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Definition
Mechanism" binds the 23sRRNA of 50 s ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocation
Bacteriostatic
USE: Atypical penumo (myco, chlamydia, legionella), URI, STDS, neisseria, gram + cocci if penicillin allergic
Tox: prolonged QT (erythro), Gi (bad compliance), acute cholestatic hep, eosinophilia, skin rash, and increased concentrations oftheophylline and oral antiocoagulants
Resistance - methylation of the 23s rRNA |
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Term
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Definition
inhibis 50s peptidyltransferase, bacteriostatic
Use; meninigitis - h. inf, neisseria, s. penumo but conservative
tox: anemia, aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome
Resistance - acteyl transferace inactivation of drug |
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Term
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Definition
blocks peptide bond at 50s ribosome, blocks translocation, bacteriostatic
Use: Anaerobics Above the diaphragm (metronidazole is below), bacteroides, c. perfringens in aspiration pneumo/lung abscess
Tox: pseudomembrane colitis, fever, diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
(SMX, sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine)
M: increased PABA antimetabolites, inhibits dihydrpteroate synthetase and blocks nucleotide synthesis, bacteriostatic
Use; gram +, gram -, nocardia, chlamydia, UTI
Tox: hypersensitive, hemolysis if G6PD def, kernicterus, nephro, photosensitive, displace other drugs from albumin
R: altered bacterial dihydropteroate synthetase, decreased uptake, increased PABA |
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Term
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Definition
M: inhibts DHF reductace and blocks nucleotide syntheis - bacteriostatic
U: combo with SMX = TMP-SMX to block folate, recurrent UTI, shigella, salmonella, P. jirovecii
T - megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia - treat with leucovorin |
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Term
| Drugs with sulfer - sulfa allergies |
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Definition
| SMX, sulfonamides, probenicid, celecoxib, furosamide, acetazolamide, thiazide diruteics, |
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Term
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Definition
M: free radical metabolites in bacterial cell damaging DNA - cidal and anti-protozoal
U: GET GAP = giardia, entameoba, trichamonas, gardnerella, aneraobes (below diaprham), H. Pylori (triple therapy includes Bismuth, amoxicillin, metronidazole)
T - disufulfuram rxn with alcohol, headache, metallic taste |
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Term
| Flouroquinolones (floxacin) |
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Definition
inhibit DNA gyrase (topo II), cidal
do not take with antacids
USe: gram - rods in urinary and Gi infections, pseudomonas, neisseria and some gram +
T = Gi, superindection, rash, headache, C/I in pregnancy - affects cartilage
adults - tendon rupture or tendonitis
kids - myalgia, leg cramps
resistance = mutated gyrase |
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Term
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Definition
binds bacterial membrane and disrupts osmotic properties like a detergent
U: gram - resistant strands
T - neurotox, acute renal tubular necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
prophylaxis - isoniazid
tx - RIPE - rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, strptomycin |
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Term
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Definition
prophylaxis - azithromycin
tx = azithroymycin, rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin |
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Term
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Definition
| Dapsone, rifampin, clofazimine |
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Term
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Definition
Isoniazid
M: decreased synthesis of mycolic acid
U: M. TB and prophylaxis
T = neuro and hepatotox, lupus
give pyridoxine (B6) to stop neurotox and lupus |
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Term
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Definition
M: inhibits DNA dpdt RNA pol
U: TB, decrease need for dapson in leprosy, meningocoocal prophylaxis and contacts of kids with H inf B
T - minor hepato, drug interactions, orange body fluid, rapid resistance if alone |
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Term
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Definition
forms pores and binds ergosterol
U: serious SYSTEMIC mycoses - cryto, coccidio, histo, blasto, aspergillus, candida, mucor
give intrathecal for meningitis
T: shake and bake, nephrotox, arrythmia, anemia, IV phlebitis, decreased BP |
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Term
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Definition
Forms pores and binds ergosterol
U: Topical fungal infections, swish and swallow in oral thrush and topical if diaper or vaginal |
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Term
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Definition
M: inhibit ergosterol syntheis - block lonsterol to ergosterol
U: systemic mycoses
Tox: horomone syntheis inhibition (gynecomastia), liver dysfunction, fever, chills |
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Term
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Definition
| for cryptococcal meninigits of AIDS pts - crosses BBB and also for all candida infections |
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Term
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Definition
| blasto, coccidio, hiso, and candida infections, hypercortisolism |
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Term
| clotrimazole and miconazole |
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Definition
| topical fungal infections |
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Term
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Definition
M: inhibits ergosterol synthesis by blocking squalene epoxidase (squalene to lanosterol)
U: dermatophytoses (toes and fingernails) |
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Term
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Definition
M: Blocks DNA synthesis by converting to 5-FU
U: systemic fungal infecitons WITH amphotericin B
T: nausea, vomit, diarrhea, bone marrow suppression |
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Term
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Definition
inhibits B glucan synthesis which inhibits cell wall synthesis
U: invasive aspergillosis
T: Gi and flushing |
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Term
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Definition
M: inhibit microtubules and mitosis and deposits in keratin tissues like hair and nails
U: oral tx of superficial infections like dermatophytes (ringworm, tinea)
Tox: CARCINOGEN, TERATOGEN, confusion, headache, increases P450 and warfarin metabolism |
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