Term
| Which study type compares a group of people with a disease to a group w/out the disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of study a measure of Relative Risk? |
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Definition
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Term
| Between case-control and cohort, which is prospective and which is retrospective? |
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Definition
Case control is retrospective,
Cohort is prospective |
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Term
| Which type of study is an odds ratio a measure of? |
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Definition
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Term
| After Table setup: What are the 2 equations for sensitivity? |
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Definition
1. TP/(TP+FN)
2. 1-false negative rate |
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Term
| After Table setup: What are the 2 equations for specificity? |
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Definition
1. TN/(TN+FP)
2. 1-false positive rate |
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Term
| After Table setup: What is the equation for Positive Predictive Value? |
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Definition
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Term
| After Table setup: What is the equation for Negative Predictive Value? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of study is Odds Ratio used in and what is it (in words)? |
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Definition
| It is used in case control studies and is: the odds of HAVING a dz in exposed group divided by odds of having disease in unexposed group |
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Term
| When does the odds ratio approximate relative risk? |
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Definition
| If the prevalence of the dz is not too high |
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Term
| After Table setup: What is the equation for odds ratio? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of study is relative risk used in and what is it (in words)? |
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Definition
| It is used in cohort studies and it is: the relative probability of GETTING a disease in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group |
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Term
| After Table setup: What is the equation for Relative Risk? |
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Definition
| RR = [a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)] |
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Term
| In words, what is Attributable Risk? |
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Definition
| The difference in risk b/w exposed and unexposed groups, or the proportion of dz occurances that are attributable to exposure (ie. smoking causes 1/3 of the cases of pneumonia) |
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Term
| After Table setup: What is the equation for Attributable Risk? |
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Definition
| AR = [a/(a+b)] - [c/(c+d)] |
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Term
| What is the equation for Number Needed to Treat? |
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Definition
| NNT = 1/absolute risk reduction |
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Term
| What type of bias involves studies performed on hospitalized pts (bias of sxs,severity,access to care, etc)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When earlier detection appears to reflect better survival rate |
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Term
| What is the equation for prevalence? |
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Definition
| Prevalence = incidence X duration (PID) |
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Term
| What is the Pygmalian effect? |
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Definition
| occurs when a researcher's beliedf in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment (ie. chiropractor performing a study on the positive effects of cervical manipulation) |
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Term
| What is the Hawthorne effect? |
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Definition
| occurs when the group being studied changes its behavior owing to the knowledge of being studied (ie. participants in a multivitamin study taking vitamins on the side) |
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Term
| What is the order of mean, median, and mode in a POSITIVE SKEW? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the order of mean, median, and mode in a NEGATIVE SKEW? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the type of error called when your study is showing a difference when there is not really one? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the type of error when your study shows that there is NO effect when is reality there IS one? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can you do increase the Power if your study? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equation for Standard Error of the Mean (SEM)? |
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Definition
| SEM = SD / sq root of sample size |
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Term
| What are the percentage values for 1 Standard Deviation f/ the mean? 2 SD's? 3 SD's? |
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Definition
1 SD: 68%
2SD: 95%
3 SD: 99.7% |
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Term
| How do you calculate the Confidence interval? What is Z for a 95% CI? |
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Definition
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Term
| If t-test checks the difference b/w 2 groups, what checks for 3+ groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the REPORTABLE STD's? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the REPORTABLE Hepatitis's? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the REPORTABLE childhood diseases? |
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Definition
| MMR and Chicken Pox (MMR=Measles, Mumps, Rubella) |
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Term
| What are the 2 REPORTABLE diarrheal diseases? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do parts A, B, and D of Medicare cover? |
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Definition
A- hospital
B- outpatient bills
D- prescription drugs |
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Term
| What are the 5 components of the APGAR, when are they measured, and what is the scale? |
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Definition
| 1 and 5 minutes: Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respirations...scale is f/ 0-10 |
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Term
| How old? Child jumps up, 6 cube tower, eats w/spoon, 2-3 word sentences... |
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Definition
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Term
| How old? Child regards face, responds to sound, not yet able to roll over... |
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Definition
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Term
| How old? Child stands with support, 1-3 words, stranger anxiety, drinks f/ a cup... |
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Definition
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Term
| How old? Child rides tricycle, understandable sentences, and plays board-games... |
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Definition
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Term
| At what age does toilet training occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does "stranger anxiety" in children occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| At which age do children have imaginary friends and cna hop on one foot? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what age can children stand and begin to walk? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a child is less that 1 yo and less than 20lbs, how should he/she be situated in a car? |
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Definition
| backseat carseat facing backwards |
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Term
| What are the 3 leading causes of death in 1-14 y/o's? |
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Definition
| Cancer, Injury, Congenital (CIC) |
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Term
| What are the 3 leading causes of death in 15-25 y/o's? |
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Definition
| Injury, suicide, homicide (kill themselves and kill others) |
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Term
| What are the 3 leading causes of death in 25-64 y/o's? |
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Definition
| cancer, heart dz, injuries |
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Term
| What are the 3 differential categories for sexual dysfxn? |
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Definition
Drugs (b-blockers, SSRI, etc)
Disease (Atherosclerosis, etc)
Phychological (Performance anxiety) |
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Term
| What class of drugs do you treat Restless Leg Syndrome with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first line treatment for narcolepsy? Also cataplexy? |
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Definition
| Narcolepsy is treated w/ Modafanil and if also cataplexy then SSRI's |
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Term
| In what sleep stage does bruxism occur? What EEG waves are seen here? |
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Definition
| Stage 2, Sleep Spindles and K Complexes |
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Term
| In what sleep stage does the deepest sleep occur? What EEG waves are seen here? |
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Definition
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Term
| What EEG waves have the highest frequency but lowest amplitude? What sleep cycle are these seen in? |
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Definition
| Beta waves...seen in awake state as well as REM |
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Term
| What class of drugs shorten stage 4 sleep and can be used to treat Sleep Terrors and Sleepwalking? |
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Definition
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Term
| What neurotransmitter is essential to INITIATING sleep? |
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Definition
| seratonin of the raphe nucleus |
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Term
| Extraocular movements during REM and smooth pursuit nystagmus are due to activity where? |
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Definition
| PPRF (Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation) |
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Term
| What is the principle neutotransmitter involved in REM sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what sleep stage do erections occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the amt of REM sleep in depression? In old age? |
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Definition
| It decreases in old age and increases in depression |
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Term
| What is the pathway by which retinal information induces the release of seratonin? |
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Definition
| SCN (Suprachiasmic Nuclei of the hypothalamus)--> NE release--> pineal gland--> melatonin |
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