Term
|
Definition
| a protein complex that controls the transcription of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AKA PABA, was widely used in sunscreens as a UV filter, causes hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride (including vapor) can affect the central nervous system, degenerate the liver[10] and kidneys[12] and may result (after prolonged exposure) in coma and even death.[13] Chronic exposure to carbon tetrachloride can cause liver[14][15] and kidney damage and could result in cancer.[ |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Site where B and T cell develop self tolerance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first compound in the porphyrin synthesis pathway, the pathway that leads to heme in mammals and chlorophyll in plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gastrointestinal abnormalities such as esophageal atrexia.
fetal renal disorder that increases production of amnionic fluid production
renal disorder that increases amnioic fluid production |
|
|
Term
What is the nerve that's near inferior thyroid artery that's frequently injured during surgery?
What are the effects? |
|
Definition
| recurrent laryngeal artery -> laryngeal muscle paralysis, hoarseness and dyspnea |
|
|
Term
| What causes hot tub folliculitis |
|
Definition
| Pseudomonas, which is a gram neg, oxidase pos, lactose nonfermenter rod |
|
|
Term
| Three causes of Down Syndrome |
|
Definition
95%: meiotic nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes
4% robertsonian translocation
1% Down mosaicism |
|
|
Term
| What is S4 and what does it mean? |
|
Definition
low frequency sound heard just b/f S1.
Indicates restrictive cardiomyopathy and left ventricular hypertrophy. |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you correct a pt with hyponatremia too quickly? |
|
Definition
| Central pontine mylinolysis |
|
|
Term
| Trousseau's sign of malignancy |
|
Definition
| associated with venous thrombosis, hypercoagulability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| VUR is characterized by the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| What is cycstic hygroma and what is it associated with? |
|
Definition
| tissues rich in lymphoid aggregates. Associated with Turner's syndrome |
|
|
Term
| what is the most likely outcome of HCV infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cause of death in acute rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
| heart failure due to myocarditis |
|
|
Term
| what causes age related skin wrinkles |
|
Definition
| decr'd synthesis and net loss of dermal collagen and elastin |
|
|
Term
| what is polyribitol ribose phosphate (PRP)? |
|
Definition
| found in H. influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine. H. influenzae exclusively causes epiglottitis. |
|
|
Term
| what is the tumor origine of small cell lung cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement disorder characterized by inner restlessness and an inability to sit or stand in one position. Can be complication of anti-psychotic therapy |
|
|
Term
| what media cultures C. diphtheriae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's different about ulcerative colitis colorectal carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| tends to arise from areas of dysplasia, in macroscopically normal intestinal mucosa, more aggressive, and can occur at multiple sites simultaneously. |
|
|
Term
| what does elevated urinary metanephrines mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mech of methanol toxicity |
|
Definition
| methanol is transformed in formaldehyde and then formic acid. Formic acid accumulates |
|
|
Term
| What virus causes viremia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common fibular nerve injury |
|
Definition
| Most commonly injured nerve in the lower limb. results in flaccid paralysis of all muscles in the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg |
|
|
Term
| what is process of micturition |
|
Definition
| During micturition, parasympathetic stimulation causes the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax. The external urethral sphincter (sphincter urethrae) is under somatic control and is consciously relaxed during micturition. |
|
|
Term
| yellow green vaginal discharge, strawberry-colored mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is amniotic fluid embolism? |
|
Definition
| rare obstetric emergency, amniotic fluid, fetal cells, hair, or other debris enter the maternal circulation, causing cardiorespiratory collapse |
|
|
Term
| what is a positive monospot test? |
|
Definition
| heterophil antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibrous remnant of allantois, a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins and runs within the umbilical cord |
|
|
Term
| what are true cysts lined with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lines pancreatic pseudo-cysts? |
|
Definition
| granulation and fibrous tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it enhances DNA transcrption |
|
|
Term
| what is systemic mastocytosis |
|
Definition
| presence of too many mast cells and CD34+ cells |
|
|
Term
| what is passive aggressive behavior? |
|
Definition
| expression of hostile feelings in a non-confrontational manner...such as being late for appointment |
|
|
Term
| what tissue pathology do you see in emphysema? |
|
Definition
| intralveolar wall destruction |
|
|
Term
| what mutation causes sickle cell anemia? |
|
Definition
| glutamate changes to valine |
|
|
Term
| what is the most frequently fractured carpal bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the artery likely injured after a femoral neck fracture |
|
Definition
| medial femoral circumflex |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment option for alcohol withdraw syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormal bleeding in pt w/ uremia, what happens to PT, PTT, Platelet count, and BT? |
|
Definition
| normal PT, PTT, and platelet count, increased Bleeding time (BT) |
|
|
Term
| what's special about the right main bronchus? |
|
Definition
| larger diameter, shorter, and oriented more vertically |
|
|
Term
| what's histological use of prussian blue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epidermal accumulation of edematous fluid in the intracellular spaces |
|
|
Term
| What's the long term complication of splenectomy? |
|
Definition
| Overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis infection. Vaccinate against meningococcal, pneumoncoccal, and H. influenzae type B at least 15 days before surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to decr renal calculi formation? |
|
Definition
increase citrate and fluids
citrate bkinds to free calcium, prevent precipitation and facilitate excretion. |
|
|
Term
| How to increase renal calculi formation? |
|
Definition
| increase concentration of calcium, phosphate, oxalate, and uric acid |
|
|
Term
| What does alpha-adrenergic agonist do to the heart and circulation? |
|
Definition
increase systolic and diastalic pressure
decrease HR, contractility and conductance |
|
|
Term
| what's the complication of concentrated oxygen therapy for neonatal distress syndrome? |
|
Definition
| retinopathy of prematurity (abnormal retinal neovascularization) |
|
|
Term
| Persistent lymphedema predisposes the development of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Back...think of Dormant things hide in the back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| front...think of adVenturous thing go to the front. |
|
|
Term
| what's the function of dorsal root ganglion? |
|
Definition
| contains cell bodies of neurons in afferent spinal nerves. |
|
|
Term
| function of the posterior sulcus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are finely granular yellow brown pigment granules? |
|
Definition
| lipofuscin, product of aging from lipid oxidation |
|
|
Term
| How does C. Diff's toxins work? |
|
Definition
Toxin A: attract netrophils causing mucosal inflammation, loss of water into gut lumen -> diarrhea
Toxin B: cytotoxin, causes actin depolymerization, loss of cellular cytoskeleton integrity, cell death and mucosal necrosis. |
|
|
Term
High altitude adaptation after a few days
Serum
PaO2
PaCO2
pH
Bicarb |
|
Definition
significantly decreased PaO2
significantly decreased PaCO2
increased pH
decreased bicarb (renal comp) |
|
|
Term
| where do surgeons take the great saphenous vein from bypass surgery? |
|
Definition
| just below the pubic tubercle |
|
|
Term
| what's the common cause of death for pt with Friedreich's ataxia? |
|
Definition
| hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| two ways that insulin resistance develop |
|
Definition
1. activation of serine kinase instead of tyrosine kinase
2. phosphorylation of threonine residue. |
|
|
Term
| what factors can cause insulin resistance? |
|
Definition
| TNF-alpha, catecholamines, glucorticoids, and glucagon |
|
|
Term
| how do you distinguish adenovirus from rhinovirus? |
|
Definition
Adenovirus causes febrile pharyngitis (sore throate), pneumonia, and conjectivitis-"pink eye" (watery)
Rhinovirus causes the common cold |
|
|
Term
| what kind of study involves comparing a group with a given risk factor to a group without to assess whether the risk factor increase the likelihood of disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the watershed area in the large bowel that's susceptible to ischemic damage? |
|
Definition
| The splenic flexiture and distal sigmoid colon |
|
|
Term
| enlarged, rounded cells w/ peripherally located nuclei and dispersed finely grandular nissl substance, all happing in the neurons of the anterior horn...what's going on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's the most prevalent neurotransmitter in the brain? What function does it serve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pt presents with motor or sensory deficit/symptoms after an acute stressor, neurological tests shows not abnormalities. Pt is aware of the symptoms but totally indifferent, what's the diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does osteoarthritis start? |
|
Definition
| wear away of the cartilage. |
|
|
Term
| what's the most common nerve injured after shoulder dislocation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of study involves comparing a group with a given risk factor to a group without access whether the risk factor increases the likelihood of disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enzymes are inhibited by lead poisoning? |
|
Definition
delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase
ferrochelatase |
|
|
Term
| if you see elevation of alkaline phosphatase with no specific etiology...what should you do next? |
|
Definition
| check gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to isolate the organ system involved. |
|
|
Term
| which DNA polymerase has 5' to 3' exonuclease activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can PID incr risk of ectopic pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of alcohol withdraw? |
|
Definition
| Tremulousness, GI distress, agitation, anxiety, and autonomic disturbance. |
|
|
Term
| How does malignant Otitis media connect with DM? |
|
Definition
| DM1 are frequently infected withPseudomonas aeruginosa...the infection as external otitis and it progresses into an osteomyelitis of temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| what are the two alpha hemolytic streps? |
|
Definition
S. Pneumoniae, Optochin sensitive
Viridians streptococci, Optochin resistant |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme starts the gluconeogenesis using non-fatty acid party of TG in liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does superantigen do? |
|
Definition
| cross link the beta region of the T cell receptor to the MHC class II on APC. Results in the uncoordinated release of IFN-gamma from Th1 cells and subsequent release of Il-1, Il-6, and TNF-alpha from macrophages |
|
|
Term
| what dose increased gene repertoire mean? |
|
Definition
| more products from the same gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
made from prostaglandin. 2 functions
1. vasodilation
2. prevent the formation of platelet plug |
|
|
Term
| a 1 year old kid can walk on his own and has a vacabulary of 100 worlds...what stage of language and mother development is he in? |
|
Definition
| normal language and motor |
|
|
Term
| What mech of ethylene glycol toxicity? |
|
Definition
it's metabolized into oxalic acid, which has sharp edges and can cause ATN.
also it leads to:
1. CNS depression
2. severe metabolic acidosis |
|
|
Term
| which structure is used by surgeons to distinguish direct from indirect inguinal hernia? |
|
Definition
| interior epigastric vessels |
|
|
Term
| what's the common cause of isolated systolic hypertension in an older person? |
|
Definition
| age related decreased compliance of aorta and its proximal major branches |
|
|
Term
| what activates trypsin from trypsinogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you accentuate S3 heart sound? |
|
Definition
| have have the pt lie in left lateral decubitus position and exhale fully. |
|
|
Term
| Pneumobilia (air in the biliary tract) is indicative of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes green discoloration if sputum during bacterial lung infection? |
|
Definition
| myeloperoxidase (MPO) from neutrophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released from atria in response to incr in volume; may act as a "check" on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone; relaxes vascular smooth muscle via cGMP, causing incr in GFR and decr in renin. |
|
|
Term
| the protein A of S. aureus does what? |
|
Definition
| Protein A (virulence factor) binds Fc-IgG, inhibiting complement fixation and phagocytosis. |
|
|
Term
| high neuronal excitability is associated with hypercalcemia or hypocalceimia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does bradykinin cause vasodilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Post blood transfusion hypocalcemia is usually caused by what? |
|
Definition
| ion chelating agents such as EDTA |
|
|
Term
| What's posterior urethral valve? |
|
Definition
| most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in the male new born |
|
|
Term
| Can COPD induced hypoxima cause increased erythropoietin production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is Aortic coarctation associated with berry aneurysm and its rupture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does CFRT work? how is it activated? |
|
Definition
| it's a cAMP activated ATP gated anion channel |
|
|
Term
| name 4 pathogens involved with UTI in pt with catheters |
|
Definition
E. coli
Klebsiella Pneumoniae
S. Saprophyticus
Proteus Mirabilis |
|
|
Term
| Common viral URT infections in children, in order of most common |
|
Definition
rhinovirus
influenza virus
coronavirus
adenovirus
parainfluzenza virus
respiratory syncytical virus |
|
|
Term
| agents that cause viral croup...most common to least |
|
Definition
parainfluzenza virus
respiratory syncytical virus
influenza virus
adenovirus |
|
|
Term
| what's the most abundant amino acid in the collagen molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is exophthalmos? Can you improve it with beta blockers? |
|
Definition
| it's increased soft tissue mass within the bony orbit, from enlargement of the extracolular muscle and increased fibroblast proliferation and ground substance production. Won't improve with beta blockers |
|
|
Term
| what's the most aggressive lung cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enzyme converts Norepi to Epi? |
|
Definition
| Phenylenthanolamine N Transferase (PNMT) |
|
|
Term
| what is Actinomyces known to cause? |
|
Definition
| oral/facial abscesses that may drain through sinus tracts in skin. |
|
|
Term
| what causes cholelithiasis in pregnant women? |
|
Definition
| estrogen induced cholesterol hypersecretion and progesterone induced gallbladder hypomotility. |
|
|
Term
| what's lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio? what's a good ratio? How do you improve it? |
|
Definition
| it measures fetal lung maturity. 1.9 indicates mature lung. Administer cortisol can improve that. |
|
|
Term
| What's the cellular mediator of glucagon? |
|
Definition
| it increases cAMP and thus increases Protein kinase A |
|
|
Term
| what term discribes a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's the only bacteria that you can get from contaminated wool and the only bacteria with a polypeptide capsule that contains D-glutamate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when a tumor expresses metalloproteinase or cathepsin D protease, it is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cutaneous or subcutaneous collection of extravasated blood measuring 5mm - 1cm diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cutaneous or subcutaneous collection of extravasated blood measuring less than 5mm in diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cutaneous or subcutaneous collection of extravasated blood measuring greater than 1 cm in diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, focal, permanent dilatation of superficial capillaries and venules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small tan or brown macules most often seen on the sun exposed skin of a middle aged or elderly person. |
|
|
Term
| what's Kallmann's syndrome? |
|
Definition
Hypogonadism and anosmia
absence of GnRH secretary neurons from the hypothalamus due to defective migration from the olfactory placode. |
|
|
Term
| what artery runs with radial nerve around the humerus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerves are likely injured if you give injection in the superomedial region of the buttock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve is likely injured if you give injection in the inferomedial part of the buttock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve carries the afferent fiber of carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreceptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the systemic inflammatory response cytokins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is apple peel atresia of the bowel? |
|
Definition
| it happens during intrauterine, obstruction of superior mesenteric atery -> mesentary of th eblwel is absent and the associated bowel segment forms a spiral around the affected blood vessel. |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common arrhythmia? what will you see on ECK? |
|
Definition
| atrial fibrillation...you will see absent P wave |
|
|
Term
| What part of light spectrum does PABA (para aminobenzoic acid) block? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's the most common benign vesicular tumors in adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what's the most common benign liver tumor?
What do you see? |
|
Definition
| Cavernous hemangioma. You will see cavernous, blood filled vascular spaces of variable size lined by a single epithelial layer. |
|
|
Term
| what does chronic lymphoedema predispose to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can you find peptostreptococcus and fusobacterium? |
|
Definition
| they are a part of normal mouth flora |
|
|
Term
| What's the VOMIT pathway? |
|
Definition
Val, Ile, Met, Thr (odd chain fatty acids)
they are all eventually converted into propionyl-CoA and then into methylmalonyl-CoA by enzyme propionyl CoA carboxylase. |
|
|
Term
| where are very long chain fatty acids and fatty acids with branch point metabolized? |
|
Definition
| they are metabolized in peroxisomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it's responsible for clinical variability of mitochrondrial diseases. |
|
|
Term
what's the effect of corticosteroid on CBC?
Neutrophil
lympocyte
monocyte
basophile
eosinophile |
|
Definition
elevation of neutrophil count due to "demaryination" of neutrophils previously attached to the vessel wall.
decreased lymphocytes, monocytes, basophile and eosinophils. |
|
|
Term
| what drugs are used for motion sickness and what are their mech? |
|
Definition
we generally use anti muscurinic and first gen anti histamines
1st gen antihistamine: meclizine, dimenhydrinate
anti M: scopolamine |
|
|
Term
| how is isoniazid metabolized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for deep posterior duodenal ulcers, what artery can be damaged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's Fick's principle for CO? |
|
Definition
| CO = rate of O2 consumption/arteriovenous O2 difference |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a primary abnormality in a development process.
eg: holopresencephaly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2ndary destruction of previously well formed tissue or organ.
ex: amniotic band syndrome |
|
|
Term
| what's deformation and sequence? |
|
Definition
usually secondary to extrinsic compression.
ex: ocngenital hip dislocation, clubbed feet and flat facies (potter syndrome). |
|
|
Term
| Are colonic diverticular pulsion by mech and are false by structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ulcer arising in the proximal duodenum in association with severe trauma or burns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ulcer arising in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum in pts with high intracranial pressure prone to perforation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a benign glomus tumor (glomangioma) can produce a very tender, small (a few millimeter in diameter), red blue lesion under the nail bed. This type of tumor originates from the modified smooth muscle cells that control the thermoregulatory functions of dermal glomus bodies. |
|
|
Term
| what's the treatment algorithm for status epilepticus? |
|
Definition
start with IV Lorazepam and phenytoin.
still seizing - phenobarbital
still seizing - intubate and anesthesia |
|
|
Term
What cancer has the histological features of;
hemorrhagic pleural effusion and pleural thickening.
EM->tumor cells with numerous, long, slender microvilli and abundant tonofilaments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To decr gallstone formation, what must you do to the following compositions? |
|
Definition
you can decrease cholesterol, increase bile acid.
You can also decr phosphatidylcholine |
|
|
Term
| What's follicular lymphoma? |
|
Definition
most common indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults.
B cell origin -> "waxing and waning" lymphadenopathy. t(14, 18), over exp of bcl-2 |
|
|
Term
What's the mech of morphine tolerance?
What drug can you use to block it? |
|
Definition
tolerance develops with activation of NMDA receptor by glutamate, which enhances morphine by incr phosphorylation of opioid receptors and incr NO levels.
Ketamine can block the actions of glutamate. |
|
|
Term
| What's Cachexia in cancer? that endogenous factor facilitates it? |
|
Definition
| Wasting syndrome. TNF-alpha mediates paraneoplastic cachexia in human by suppressing appetite, inhibiting lipoprotein lipase, and by incr insulin resistance of peripheral tissues. |
|
|
Term
| what's the mech of abscess formation? |
|
Definition
| lysosomal enzyme release form neutrophiles and macrophages. |
|
|
Term
| what the two exclusively ketogenic aminoacids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of your body drains into the superfacial inguinal lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| all skin from the umbilicus down, including the anus, but excluding the posterior calf. |
|
|
Term
| when is the pulmonary vascular resistance lowest? |
|
Definition
| at the functional residual capacity |
|
|
Term
| what are Auer rods stained with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acute oneset neurologic abnormalities, hypoxemia, and petechial rash. Ass'd with long bone fracture. |
|
|
Term
| Red pink PAS staining granules of unsecreted alpha 1 antitrypsin in the periportal hepatocyte. What does the PT have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FFA and TG are associated with insulin resistance. True or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucosal defect that does not penetrate the muscularis mucosa. |
|
|
Term
| What does injury to the superior gluteal nerve cause? |
|
Definition
| weakness of the gluteas medius and gluteus minimus, producing a postive Trendelenberg test. |
|
|
Term
| what does the injury of the inferior gluteal nerve cause? |
|
Definition
| gluteus maximus weakness. difficulty rising from the seated position. |
|
|
