Term
| What are the phases of the cell cycle? |
|
Definition
G0 - no growth, stable
G1 - growth
S - synthesis
G2 - growth
M - mitosis |
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|
Term
| What are the phases of mitosis? |
|
Definition
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase |
|
|
Term
| What are controls the transitions between cell cycle phases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protein classes regulate the checkpoints? |
|
Definition
Cyclines
CDKs
Tumor suppressors |
|
|
Term
| What regulatory proteins control phase-specific cell cycle events? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzymes activate CDKs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of kinases are CDKs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure must be activated and inactivated for the cell cycle to progress? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 important tumor suppressor genes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzymes normally inhibit G1-S progression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the result if there is a mutation in p53 or Rb? |
|
Definition
| Unrestricted cell growth. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 different types of cells in regards to growth? |
|
Definition
- Permanent - remain in G0.
- Stable - enter G1 from G0 when activated.
- Labile - never go to G0; divide rapidly.
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|
Term
| Regarding cell growth, what category do neurons, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and RBCs fall under? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Regarding cell growth, what category do hepatocytes, and lymphocytes fall in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding cell growth, what category do bone marrow cells, gut endothelium, skin, and hair follicle cells fall in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure is the site of synthesis of secretory proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 cell types are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum? |
|
Definition
Goblet cells of the small intestine - secrete mucus.
Plasma cells - secrete antibodies. |
|
|
Term
What are Nissl bodies?
What is their function? |
|
Definition
Rough ER in neurons.
Synthesize enzymes and peptide neurotransmitters. |
|
|
Term
| What structure synthesizes cytosolic and organellar proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure synthesizes steroids and detoxifies drugs and poisons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 cell types are rich in smooth ER? |
|
Definition
Hepatocytes - detoxify substances.
Adrenal cortex - produce steroid hormones. |
|
|
Term
| What organelle is resposible for the distribution of proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to protein with a mannose-6-phosphate tag? |
|
Definition
| It is targeted to lysosomes. |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 vesicular trafficking proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vesicular trafficking protein sends proteins from the Golgi to the ER? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vesicular trafficking protein sends proteins from the ER to the Golgi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vesicular trafficking protein sends proteins from the Golgi to lysosomes/membrane/endosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does proteoglycan core protein synthesis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 functions of the Golgi? |
|
Definition
- Distribution center for proteins and lipids.
- Modifies N-oligosaccharides on asparagine.
- Adds O-oliosaccharides to serine and threonine.
- Adds mannose-6-phosphate to target lysosomes.
- Proteoglycan assembly fro core proteins.
- Sulfication of sugars in proteoglycans, and select tyrosine residues.
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|
|
Term
| What lysosomal storage disorder results when mannose-6-phosphate cannot be attached to proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are enzymes secreted outside the cell instead of being targetd to lysosomes? |
|
Definition
| Inability to attach mannose-6-phosphate. |
|
|
Term
| What disease has course facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, high levels of plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes, and is often fatal in childhood? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What cellular structure is composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin dimers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 structures are microtubules incorporated into? |
|
Definition
| Flagella, cilia, and mitotic spindles. |
|
|
Term
What are 2 molecular motor proteins?
What direction do the transport cellular cargo? |
|
Definition
Dynein - retrograde; + to -.
Kinesin - anterograde; - to +. |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 drugs that act on microtubules? |
|
Definition
Mebendazole/Thiabendazole - anti helminthic
Griseofulvin - anti fungal
Vincristine/Vinblastine - anti cancer
Paclitaxel - anti breast cancer
Colchicine - anti gout |
|
|
Term
| What disease occurs when there is decreased microtubule polymerization? |
|
Definition
| Chediak-Higashi syndrome. |
|
|
Term
| Recurrent pyrogenic infections, partial albinism, and peripheral neuropathy are all features of what disease? |
|
Definition
| Chediak-Higashi syndrome. |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of cilia? |
|
Definition
| 9+2 arrangement of microtubules. |
|
|
Term
| What ATPase links peripheral 9 doublets and causes bending of cilium by differential sliding doublets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease results from a deficit in Dynein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 clinical features of Kartagener's syndrome? |
|
Definition
Infertility - sperm immotile.
Bronchiectasis - bacteria and particles not pushed out.
Recurrent sinusitis - bacteria and particles not pushed out. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 cytoskeletal elements? |
|
Definition
Actin/myosin.
Microtubules.
Intermediate filaments. |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 places where actin and myosin are found/interact. |
|
Definition
- Microvilli
- Muscle contraction
- Cytokinesis
- Adherens junctions
|
|
|
Term
| What are 5 places where microtubules are found? |
|
Definition
- Cilia
- Flagella
- Mitotic spindle
- Neurons
- Centrioles
|
|
|
Term
| What are 5 different types of intermediate filaments? |
|
Definition
- Vimentin
- Desmin
- Cytokeratin
- GFAP
- Neurofilaments
|
|
|
Term
| What fluid structure contains cholesterol, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the plasma membrane when there is high cholesterol or saturated fatty acid content? |
|
Definition
Increased melting temperature.
Decreased fluidity. |
|
|
Term
IHC stains
Vimentin, Desmin, Cytokeratin, GFAP, Neurofilaments |
|
Definition
Cell types
Connective tissue, Muscle, Epithelial cells, Neuroglia, Neurons |
|
|
Term
| Na/K+ ATPase ion exchange. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What compound binds to the K+ on the Na+/K+ ATPase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What compounds inhibits the Na+/K+ ATPase and indirectly increase the Ca2++ concentration and cardiac contractility? |
|
Definition
Cardiac glycosides.
Digoxin, Digitoxin. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant type of protein in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many different types of collagen are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of collagen is found in bone, skin, tendon, dentin, fascia, cornea, and wound repair? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of collagen is found in cartilage, vitreous body, adn nucleus pulposus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is type III collagen found? |
|
Definition
| Skin, blood vessels, uterus, fetal tissue, and granualtion tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What type of collagen is found in the basement membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 steps of collagen formation? |
|
Definition
- Synthesis in rough ER
- Hydroxylation
- Glycosylation
- Exocytosis
- Proteolytic cleavage
- Cross-linking
|
|
|
Term
| Where does the synthesis of preprocollagen take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which step of collagen synthesis is dependent on Vitamin C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycosylation of preprocollagen produces what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a triple helix of 3 collagen alpha chains called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After procollagen is excreted from the cell what occurs?
What is the product called? |
|
Definition
Cleavage of terminal regions of procollagen.
Tropocollagen is formed. |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is responsible for crosslinking collagen fibers into collagen fibrills? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the crosslinking of collagen fibers into fibrils do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 disorders of collagen synthesis? |
|
Definition
- Ehler's Danlos syndrome
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Alport's syndrome
|
|
|
Term
| What disease occurs when there is faulty synthesis of type III collagen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperextensible skin, tendency to bleed, and hypermobile joints are characteristic of what faulty collagen synthesis syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Joint dislocation, berry aneurysms, and organ rupture are associated with which syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which autosomal dominant disease can easily be confused with child abuse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multiple fractures, blue sclera, hearing loss, and dental abnormalities are found in what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protein is abnormally formed in osteogenesis imperfecta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What X-linked disorder is associated wtih abnormal type IV collagen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is type IV collagen important? |
|
Definition
| Structural component of basement membrane of kidney, ears, and eyes. |
|
|
Term
| What conditions are assocaited with Alport's syndrome? |
|
Definition
Hereditary nephritis
Deafness
Ocular disturbances |
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