Term
| Why does BP increase only moderately during exercise? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the mechanism of action of Buspirone and how is it used? Why might it be preferable? |
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Definition
5-HT1a agonist used to treat GAD that does NOT WORK IMMEDIATELY
It has no sedative, muscle relaxant or anti-seizure aspects, and therefore has a low risk of abuse. |
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Term
| Which drugs induce/inhibit the metabolism of Warfarin? |
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Definition
CYP2C9
- Induced by RIfampin, Griseofulvin, Carbamezapoint/Phenytoin
- Inhibited by Sulfonamde, Ketoconazole, Cimetidine and INH (MAGIC RACKS) |
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Term
| What type of aneurysm would product CN III palsy? |
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Definition
| PCA or SCA aneurysm can put pressure on CN III (down and out) |
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Term
| Which types of RNA have strange nucleotides like Pseudouridine and thymidine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which types of RNA have strange nucleotides like Pseudouridine and thymidine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the effects of vitamin A overdose? |
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Definition
| Headache/cerebral edema, Hepatosplenomegaly and Skin changes. |
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Term
What molecules are targeted by each of the following viruses?
1) CMV
2) Rabies
3) Rhinovirus |
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Definition
1) Integrins
2) nAChR
3) ICAM-1 (CD54) |
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Term
| What condition is associated with bilateral renal agencies? |
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Definition
| Oligohydramnios leads to Potter's faces and pulmonary hypoplasia. |
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Term
| What are the different types of GABA receptors and where are they expressed? |
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Definition
1) GABAa (Brain)- Ion channel
2) GABAb (Brain)- GPCR (Gi with K+ efflux and decreased cAMP)
3) GABAc (Retina)- ion channel |
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Term
| What is the virulence factor of N. meningitides associated with its pathogenicity in meningitis? |
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Definition
| LOS (like LPS) activates TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 (levels correlate with morbidity/mortality) |
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Term
| What are the chemical features of Organophosphates and how are they treated in overdose situations? |
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Definition
| Lipid soluble, irreversible ACh-E inhibitors that are treated with Atropine and Pralidoxime |
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Term
| What are the consequences of injury to the VIIX nerve? |
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Definition
1) Hyperausis (Stapedius)
2) Loss of taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue
3) Facial sensation
4) Inability to close ipsilateral eye |
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Term
| Which diseases are characterized by defects in chromosomal stability? |
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Definition
DNA repair defects.
- Xeroderma pigmentosa (AR NER defect)
- Bloom's syndrome (AR defect in helicase)
- Ataxia telangiectasia (ATM defect in ds break repair)
- Fanconi's anemia (AR repair defect) |
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Term
| How can you diagnose failure of neural tube closure pre-natally? |
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Definition
| Look for AFP and AChE in CSF and AFP in maternal serum. |
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Term
| What is the difference in the underlying pathophysiology between Hirschsprung's disease and Dudoenal atresia? |
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Definition
Duodenal atresia is failed apoptosis with bilious vomiting
Hirschsprungs (like Achelasia) is failed NC migration. |
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Term
| What type of immune response is necessary for clearance of the bacteria that produces a narrow zone of beta-hemolysis on sheep blood agar, shows tumbling motility at 22. |
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Definition
| Cell-mediated immunity for Listeria, which reproduces in macrophages |
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Term
| How can you reverse the dangerous condition that sometimes results in patients taking succinylcholine and halothane for surgery? |
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Definition
| Dantrolene reverses malignant hyperthermia by blocking ryandodine receptors, and prevents Ca release into cytoplasm of skeletal muscle fibers. |
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Term
| Where is the vomiting center of the brainstem found? |
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Definition
| Chemical trigger zone that causes vomiting after chemo is found in area postrema of dorsal medulla near 4th ventricle |
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Term
| How is phenytoin metabolized and how does it effect OCP use? |
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Definition
Dose-dependent hepatic hydroxylation (zero-order kinetics).
It ramps up CYP system and increases OCP metabolism (they might get pregnant) |
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Term
| What are the 1st and 2nd line treatments for status epileptics? |
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Definition
1) Benzos first (increases frequency of opening of GABAa channels
2) Phenytoin second or for maintenance (reduces Na+ channel recovery and prevents high-frequency firing) |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of neonatal narcotic withdrawal and how is it treated? |
|
Definition
| Pupillary dilation, rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal stuffiness, diarrhea, nausea and vomitting and is treated with tincture of opium. |
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Term
| Why might a patient with abetalipoproteinemia have neuromuscular disease? |
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Definition
| Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency- in this case Vitamin E, which is critical for neuronal membrane maintenance and RBC membrane maintenance (also see hemolytic anemia) |
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Term
| What are the most common causes of aseptic meningitis? |
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Definition
| Enteroviruses (polio, cocksackie and echovirus) are most common cause of aseptic meningitis. Polio causes LMN injury in addition to meningitis |
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Term
| What kind of bias is worrisome if some patients are lost to follow-up? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do Ace-inhibitors cause transient increases in serum Cr? |
|
Definition
Loss of dilation of afferent arteriole
Also see hyperkalemia, angioedema and/or cough. |
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Term
| What are the signals for release of ANP/BNP from ventricular myocytes? |
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Definition
| Both ventricular hypertrophy (concentric) and volume overload (eccentric) can cause release to facilitate natiuresis and diuresis. |
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Term
| What is the most likely cause of pain in the posterior thigh and leg, with diminution of ankle jerk reflex? |
|
Definition
| Compression of sciatic nerve at S1 |
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Term
| Why are a-kG and glutamate depleted in hyperammonemia? |
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Definition
They are used to transfer NH3 to alanine (from pyruvate) so that it can be transported from muscle to liver, where it can be transformed to urea.
These depletions are important for the TCA cycle and for Neurotransmission. |
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Term
| What are the important side effects of Theophyllines and how are they used? |
|
Definition
PDE5 inhibitors used to treat COPD.
Seizures (lavage or charcoal) and Tachyarrythmia (Give beta blocker) |
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Term
| What enzyme defect is responsible for methylmalonic academia? |
|
Definition
| B12-dependent ISOMERIZATION (mutase) defect where MMA cannot be converted to succynal CoA to enter the TCA cycle |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of fetal hydronephrosis? |
|
Definition
Obstruction in Uretopelvic junction. In adults, think BPH
Dilation of pelvis and calices. Histologically, changes include dilation of tubular lumen, flattening of epithelium and interstitial fibrosis |
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Term
| What is the difference in presentation between a persistent vitelline and allantotic duct? |
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Definition
- Persistent yolk sac (vittelline duct) is Meckel’s diverticulum (small intestine to belly button)
- Persistant alantosis (urachus) is a connection between bladder and belly button (embryologically, it connects the bladder to the yolk sac). |
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Term
| Hepatosplenomegaly in kid with accumulation of dextrins. What say you? |
|
Definition
| Cori's- Debranching enzyme |
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Term
| What are the 3 causes of esophagitis in HIV? |
|
Definition
1) CMV (linear lesions with intra and extracellular inclusions),
2) Candida (pseudomembranes)
3) HSV (punched out ulcers with eosinophillic intracellular inclusions) |
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Term
| Child in a daycare center presents with hematuria and dysuria. What should you be thinking? |
|
Definition
| Hemorrhagic cystitis due to Adenovirus (NOT Rota if it is bloody urine) |
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Term
| What is the difference between pol and env mutations in the context of pharmacological therapy for HIV? |
|
Definition
- Pol gene mutations escape ARVT therapy
- env mutations escape neutralizing host antibodies. |
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