Term
|
Definition
| a Native American group that inhabited the marshlands of northern California. Hunted waterfowl with slingshots and nets. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Native American people that formerly inhabited the northwest coastal region of North America(Alaska to Northern California) decorated masks and boats with totems. Displayed family history on totems to announce wealth and status. Held potlatches to give away possessions to recieve good reputation for family. Division of Labor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of Nat. Am people- descendants of the Hohokam and Anasazi- inhabiting the deserts of the Southwest Left cliff houses to build new settlements near waterways like the Rio Grande. Lived inmultistory adobe houses. grew corn, beans, melons, and squash. built kivas/underground ceremonial chambers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of NA people inhabiting the woodlands of the northeast. built vilages in forest clearings. argriculture and hunting/gathering. women in charge of possessions and family lineage |
|
|
Term
| Land and Native American tribes |
|
Definition
Land was sacred to the Native Americans. It was a source of life and belonged to all things therefore it could not be owned, bought or sold. They only used land for gathering and farming. |
|
|
Term
| Prince Henry the Navigator |
|
Definition
of Portugal. For 40 years, he sent ships to explore the west coast of Africa; used the compass, astrolabe and new sailing technology of the time. Established a sailing school and sponsored voyages. |
|
|
Term
| European social hierarchy |
|
Definition
| monarchs and nobles > artisans and merchants (who were taxed) > peasants. “few moved beyond the class in which they were born. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "rebirth" a period of European history, lasting from 1400 to 1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world. encouraged individual talents and human achievement. Realistic art. Secular-wordly over spiritual. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a religious movement in 16th century Europe, growing out of a desire for reform in the Roman Catholic Church and leading to the establishment of various Protestant churches. split into christians and protestants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crossed Europe and helped Hungary in a war against the Turks.Was offered knighthood. “vincere est vivere-to conquer is to live” approached the Virginia Company to plan an English colony in North America. Warned of disaster and disease in Jamestown; took it over. Sent home after being badly burned. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| named after King James I of England in April 1607 when colonist named and claimed this land in Virginia. Failed horribly until Powhatans helped. Growth of new tobacco stabilized the economy bringing more colonists. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Virginia Company’s policy of granting 50 acres of land to each settler and to each family member who accompanied him |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person who has contracted to work for another for a limited period, often in return for travel expenses, shelter, and sustenance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a colony under the direct control of the English monarch. James I, disgusted by turmoil of Virginia made it this. Also, after not obeying thelaws of England King Charles II revoked the colony's charter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a planter who despised Native Americans. He raised an army that was declared 1/3 illegal. He marched to Jamestown in September of 1676 and it turned violent. He set fire to the town but died a month later. (Bacon’s Rebellion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First governor of the Massachusetts bay colony “City Upon a Hill.” He was a Puritan preacher who received a royal charter and sailed to North America of the Arbella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a member of one of the Puritan groups that, denying the possibility of reform within the Catholic Church of England, established their own independent congregations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what John Winthrop though of the Massachusetts Bay colony as. Boston, a port city, was the capital. 40% of men were Puritan “free men who voted for the General Court. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a crop grown by a farmer for sale rather than for personal use. In Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina farmers grew tobacco. In South Carolina and Gerogia, rice and indigo were popular. Small Fronteir farmers grew corn, and turned it into whiskey. |
|
|
Term
| Slavery in American colonies |
|
Definition
| tobacco required field workers. In 1619, 20 of the first Africans arrived in Virginia as indentured servants and received land and freedom after a few years. Slavery was introduced and, despite Penn’s principles, many prominent Quakers in Pennsylvania owned slaves. The English colonists gradually turned to the use of African slaves—people who were considered the property of others—after efforts to meet their labor needs with enslaved Native Americans and indentured servants failed. During the 1600s and 1700s, plantation owners and other colonists would subject hundreds of thousands of Africans to a life of intense labor and cruelty in North America. As the indentured servant population fell, the price of indentured servants rose. As a result, the English colonists turned to African slaves as an alternative. Africans’ dark skin was a sign of inferiority, and so had few reservations about subjecting them to a life of servitude. Black Africans were also thought better able to endure the harsh physical demands of plantation labor in hot climates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transatlantic system of trade in which goods and people, including slaves, were exchanged between Africa, England, Europe and the West Indies, and the colonies of North America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the West Indies and later to North America. In the bustling ports along West Africa, European traders branded Africans with red-hot irons for identification purposes and packed them into the dark holds of large ships. On board a slave ship, Africans fell victim to whippings and beatings from slavers as well as diseases that swept through the vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws. 20 slaves gathered at the Stono River southwest of Charles Town. Wielding guns and other weapons, they killed several planter families and marched south in their plan to flee to Spanish-held Florida. Some escaped but captured slaves were executed. Failed Revolt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in February, 1692 several Salem girls accused a West Indian woman named Tituba of witchcraft. Others were accused, usually highly independent women. Ended when the girls accused the governor’s wife. 19-hanged, 1 crushed, 4-5 died in jail, 150 imprisoned. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A revival of religious feelings in the American colonies between 1730s-1750s. The puritan church was declining. Mass charter banned Puritan discrimination of other Religions. People focused too much on earthly possessions and not what happens after this life. Brought many African Americans and Native Americans to Christian churches for the first time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outstanding enlightenment figure. Believed you obtain truth through experiment and reason. Intellectual powers improve their lot. Inventor of the lightning rod, bifocals, and a stove named after him. Elected to the Royal Society and France honored him with membership in the French Academy of Sciences. Father of William with whom he held opposite views. Part of team of negotiators chosen to aid in gaining independence from Britain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preached that a great change of heart was required to save humans and church attendance wasn’t enough to but people had to acknowledge their sinfulness and accept God’s mercy. His preaching was a driving force of the great Awakening. Rejected for holding his doctrine to strictly. Became a missionary to a Native American settlement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a brave, idealistic 20-year-old French aristocrat, offered his assistance. The young Lafayette joined Washington’s staff and bore the misery of Valley Forge, lobbied for French reinforcements in France in 1779, and led a command in Virginia in the last years of the war. Joined forces with Von Steuben. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Prussian captain and talented drill master who volunteered to train Washington’s troops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A French naval force defeated a British fleet and then blocked the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay, thereby preventing a British rescue by sea. Meanwhile, about 17,000 French and American troops surrounded the British on this peninsula and bombarded them day and night. The siege of it lasted about three weeks. On October 17, 1781, with his troops outnumbered by more than two to one and exhausted from constant shelling, Cornwallis finally raised the white flag of surrender. American Victory under Washington. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, confirming the independence of the United States and setting the boundaries of the new nations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that all people should have equal political, economic, social and civil rights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scarce food; General Thomas Gage led British Army; sent spies to Concord to find and seize colonial weapons. Paul Revere warned colony and minute men intercepted them. American victory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some women risked their lives in combat. Mary Ludwig Hays McCauly took her husband’s place at cannon when he was wounded at the Battle of Monmouth. Known for carrying pitchers of water to the soldiers, McCauly won the nickname “Molly Pitcher.” Afterward, General Washington made her a noncommissioned officer for her brave deeds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| British General Thomas Gage decided to strike at militiamen who had dug in on Breed’s Hill, north of the city and near Bunker Hill. The colonists held their fire until the last minute, then began to shoot down the advancing redcoats. The surviving British troops made a second attack, and then a third. The third assault succeeded, but only because the militiamen ran low on ammunition. British Victory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a clash between British soldiers and Boston colonists in 1770, in which five of the colonists were killed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Common Sense, an anonymous 50-page pamphlet attacking King George III. Paine explained that his own revolt against the king had begun with Lexington and Concord. Stated independence would give Americans the chance to create a better society—one free from tyranny, with equal social and economic opportunities for all. |
|
|
Term
France in American Revolution |
|
Definition
| Marquis de Lafayette helped train the continental army and lobbied for French aid in the war. Following Lafayette’s plan, the Americans and French closed in on Cornwallis’ troops and he surrendered. In September 1783, the delegates signed the Treaty of Paris, which confirmed U.S. independence and set the boundaries of the new nation. The United States now stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River and from Canada to the Florida border. |
|
|
Term
Declaration of Independence |
|
Definition
| the document, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, in which the delegates of the Continental Congress declared the colonies’ independence from Britain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a government in which the citizens rule through elected representatives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that government should be based on the consent of the people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an alliance permitting states or nations to act together on matters of mutual concern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tax on imported good that was intended to protect the nation’s businesses from foreign competition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a law that established a plan for surveying and settling the federally owned lands west of the Appalachian Mountains |
|
|
Term
| Northwest Ordinance of 1785 |
|
Definition
| a law that established a procedure for the admission of new states to the Union |
|
|
Term
Federalists
Antifederalists |
|
Definition
supporters of the Constitution and of a strong NATIONAL government
opponents of the Constitution who opposed a strong central government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, added in 1791 and consisting of a formal list of the citizens’ rights and freedoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a series of essays defending and explaining the Constitutions, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. |
|
|
Term
| Articles of Confederation |
|
Definition
| a document, adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777 and finally approved by the states in 1781, that outlined the form of government of the new United States. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a law that established the federal court system and the number of Supreme Court justices and that provided for the appeal of certain state court decisions to the federal courts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set up a cabinet with a spilt in political ideas on issues in American History. This split in his cabinet gave rise to the country’s first two political parties. Alexander Hamilton-treasury. Henry Knox-secretary of war. Edmund Randolph-secretary of state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Writer of the Federalist chosen by George Washington to be secretary of the Treasury. Part of Washington’s Cabinet with Knox and Randolph. Supported the rich over the poor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| either of the two national banks (1791 and 1816), funded by the federal government and private investors, established by Congress. Proposed by Alexander Hamilton, opposed by Jackson. |
|
|
Term
| Republican Party of late 1700s |
|
Definition
| Founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792 in opposition to the Federalist party and known as the democratic-republicans, they were a political party known for its support of state government. Ancestors of the Democratic party of today. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of goods produced within a country. Placed on whiskey during the whiskey rebellion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nation’s capital that was moved from NYC to the south on the Potomac River through the idea of Alexander Hamilton to gain support for his debt plan. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the United States. Push for by anti-french federalists who felt threatened by them. Also this allowed the government to raise resident requirements from 5 years to 14 years, deport or jail undesirable immigrants and jail anyone who made malicious statements hindering the governments plan. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an 1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional; this power was later known as judicial review. John Adams appointed William Marbury to be justice of the peace a few days before Jefferson’s inauguration and Marbury didn’t receive his commission that was owed to him. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 1803 purchase by the United States of France’s Louisiana Territory- extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains- for $15 million |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the change in social and economic organization that resulted from the replacement of hand tools with the development of large-scale industrial production. Interchangeable Parts were a starting factor of this time period. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inventor of interchangeable parts; his efforts were the first steps toward the industrial revolution. Also invented the cotton gin(cotton engine) and set the south on a different course of development from the north. |
|
|
Term
Henry Clay’s American System |
|
Definition
| a pre-Civil war set of measures designated to unify the nation and strengthen its economy by means of protective tariffs, a national bank, and such internal improvements as the development of a transportation system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protective tax designed to aid American industries. proposed by James Monroe Placing a taxon imports would increase the cost of foreign goods and thereby eliminate their price advantage. Moreover, revenues would help pay for internal improvements, such as roads, canals, and lighthouses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a 363- mile long artificial waterway connecting the Hudson River with Lake Erie, built between 1817 and 1825. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an 1819 case in which the Supreme Court Ruled that Maryland had no right to tax the Bank of the United Stated, thereby strengthening the power of the federal government’s control over the economy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When he was secretary of state, he established foreign policy guided by nationalism. He prioritized the security of the nation and its expansion of territory. He worked out a treaty (Rush-Bagot) with great Britain to lessen the number of fleets of both countries. Organized the Convention of 1818 where the US fixed its border at the 49th parallel up to the Rocky Mountains. Reached treaty with Britain for joint occupation of the Oregon territory. Adams-Onis Treaty Spain ceded Florida to US and gave up claims to Oregon Territory. Son of John Adams who succeeded James Monroe as president through Henry Clay’s hatred for Jackson. Voting regulations eased and 3 times the number of people voting in 1824 voted in 1828. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a policy of US opposition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe in 1823 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a series of agreements passed by Congress in 1820- 1821to maintain the balance of power between slave states and free states. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a 19th century religious movement in which individual responsibility for seeking salvation was emphasized, along with the need for personal and social improvement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the refusal to obey those laws which are seen as unjust in an effort to bring about a change in governmental policy. Henry David Thoreau wrote about civil disobedience in the 19th century, and the tactic was promoted by Martin Luther King Jr, during the Civil Rights Era |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a New England Writer who led a group practicing transcendentalism which exalted the dignity of the individual. Friends with Henry David Thoreau. Truth found in nature and personal emotion/imagination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| he put the idea of self-reliance into practice. He abandoned his community life to live in a cabin he built near Concord, Massachusetts where he lived alone for two years. Wrote Walden advising people to follow their inner voices. He urged people not to obey laws they found unjust through civil disobedience. Reject greed and materialism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| America demanded tax supported these. Opposed by tax payers and Germans who didn’t want to see their culture/language diminish. 42% attended them in PA. Horace Mann of Massachusetts established teacher-training programs and instituted curriculum reforms and doubled the money states spent on these. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compelled by personal experience to join the movement for social reform. She visited a Massachusetts house of corrections and found the mentally ill. Sent a report to Massachusetts legislature who passed a law to improve conditions. Emphasized rehabilitation and reform. Hope for everyone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located near Boston and established by George Ripley in 1841. A Utopian or “perfect community” He wanted to prepare a society of liberal, intelligent, and cultivated persons, whose relations with each other would permit a wholesome and simple life. A fire destroyed the main building and the community fell apart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believed that he was chosen to lead his people out of bondage; a preacher who judged an eclipse of a sign as a divine signal for actions. A band of 80 followers killed almost 60 white inhabitants on four plantations before being captured. Hanged. Retaliation cost the lives of about 200 blacks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| born into slavery but taught to read and write by his master’s wife. Knowledge could lead him from slavery to freedom. Escaped to freedom in New York using an identity of a free black sailor. Wrote an antislavery paper entitled the North Star. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the apprentice system, a skilled worker, employed by a master and assisted by an apprentice or young worker learning a craft. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tradition where married women’s only proper activities included housework and childcare; small amount of women worked and only earned half the pay of a man. Couldn’t vote or sit on juries and her money, property, and children belonged to husband. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 19th century belief that the United States would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican territory. Polk pushed this harshly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a route from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon, used by pioneers traveling to the Oregon Territory. mapped by John C Fremont. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| members of a church founded by Joseph Smith and his associates in 1830. Played a major role in settling the west. Began in western New York in 1827 when Joseph Smith established the Church of Latter Day Saints. Moved to Nauvoo, Illinois. Polygamy made neighbors angry. taken over by Brigham Young. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Joseph Smith’s successor for the Mormons who decided to travel north to Nebraska. They stopped at Great Salt Lake and set up a community. |
|
|
Term
| Fifty Four Forty or Fight |
|
Definition
| a slogan used in the 1844 presidential campaign by James K Polk as a call for the US annexation of the entire Oregon Territory. Britain’s interest in this territory was depleted after the fur trade was in decline and gave up the land. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a democrat who, in the election of 1844, wanted to claim the Oregon territory for the US. He won the election. Believed that war with Mexico was the only way to bring Texas, New Mexico, and California into the union. “Polk the Purposeful” sent John Slidell to Mexico to purchase Texas but they denied him. After the war had started, Santa Anna tricked Polk and launched an attack on American forces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mapped the Oregon Trail and led US troops into California during the war with Mexico was chosen by the republicans and supported by the Northern Know-Nothings to be a candidate in the 1856 election. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the people(Asia, South America, Europe) who migrated to California in search of riches after gold was discovered there in 1848. San Francisco became a very popular city. Chinese made up the largest percentage of the population and free blacks came rushing in. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an amendment to an 1846 military appropriations bill, proposing that none of the territory acquired in the war with Mexico(California, Utah, New Mexico) would be open to slavery. Southerners opposed. northerners promoted. believed it would shift northern representation in Congress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the formal withdrawal of a state from the Union. North pushed for abolition of slavery in DC, South accused north of not enforcing fugitive slave an=ct and wanted to leave. South did this when Lincoln was winning the election of 1856 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a series of congressional measures proposed by Clay and intended to settle the major disagreements between free states and slave states.
- California would be admitted as a free state
- Utah and new Mexico would decide about slavery
- Texas payed $10 million to US govt to settle boundary dissputes
- Slave selling banned in DC but slavery continued
- Fugitive Slave Act required Free states to help return escaped slaves.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system in which the residents vote to decide on an issue. Promoted by Stephen Douglass. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The political party formed in 1834 to oppose the policies of Andrew Jackson |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The modern political party that was formed in 1854 by opponents of slavery |
|
|
Term
Presidential election of 1856
-
James Buchanan
-
John C Fremont
-
Millard Fillmore
|
|
Definition
|
|
