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-Landmark Supreme Court Case
-Ruled that segregation was legal so long as the facilities were equal
-Established "separate but legal" doctrine |
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| Laws that promoted segregation and discrimination of African Americans |
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-founded the Tuskegee Institute
-born a slave
-educator and social reformer
-promoted educational and economic advancement rather than political equality |
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-former slave
-leader of the "Exodusters" |
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| poor black farmers who moved from the South to Kansas and Nebraska |
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| Trends of the late 1800s (3) |
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Definition
1. Expansion of industry
2. Settling of the West
3. Growth of the cities |
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| Causes of Industrial Expansion (4) |
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Definition
1. Natural Resources - coal, oil, iron ore, timber, farm surpluses
2. Large number of workers - high birth rate + immigration (cheap labor)
3. Capital $$$ Wealth
4. New technology |
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-new way to make steel
-made steel cheaper and stronger |
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| Henry Bessemer, William Kelly |
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Definition
| responsible for developing the Bessemer process |
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common distance between the rails of railroad track
-made travel by rr easier, faster, less expensive |
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-created electricity
-a generator
-created by Michael Faraday
-important for the operation of factories |
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inventor
-inventions included the light bulb, and the phograph
-designed the first electric power plant |
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| invented a telegraph system to help rr's avoid collisions |
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invented telegraph + Morse code
-BIG improvement in communications |
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-1876 invented the telephone
-1877 formed the Bell Telephone Company |
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Definition
-Corporation
-1862 controlled the oil industry by gaining control of all the processes of the oil industry - drilling, refining, transportation and sales (vertical integration) |
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-Andrew Carnegie
-1st Billion $ corporation
-bought out his competitors after running them into the ground (horizontal integration)-sold to J.P. Morgan
-Carnegie retired & gave $350 million to help establish libraries and schools |
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Definition
| government payments to support business |
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| RR Tycoon who tried to corner the cold market-- caused a financial panic in 1869 |
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| a group of companies whose stock was controlled by a central board of directors. using their vast resources they could pust their smaller rivals out of business |
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Definition
-1887
-created 1st gov't commission - Interstate Commerce Commission
-established by gov't to make sure that rr's charged reasonable and just rates
-not very successful |
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Definition
-passed by Congress in 1890
-tried to prevent corporations from trying "to monopolize any part of trade or commerce among the several states"
-not very successful |
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1875 gold was discovered
-1000s of prospectors make their way to this sacred Sioux land
-causes the Sioux war |
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aka Custer's Last Stand
George Armstrong Custer, flamboyant army general, and his 265 soldiers are killed at the battle
-last great Indian victory on the plains |
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-leader of the Nez Perce
-1877 led his tribe on 1500 mile trek to Canada from Oregon to avoid capture |
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Sioux Indian leader
-helped Sitting Bull defeat Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn aka Custer's Last Stand |
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-Apache leader
-captured in 1886 |
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1890 last Indian battle
200 Indian men, women, and children were massacred
-helped to start AIM 1960s |
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| -book written by Helen Hunt Jackson, 1881, recorded the failures of gov't policies regarding Indians |
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1887 - passed by Congress
-assimilate the Indians
-reservation lands were divided into small plots
-tried to end the Indian way of life |
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| -shipping stations where ranchers would drive their cattle to in order to ship them to slaughterhouses in the midwest |
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| legendary African American cowboy |
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1862 passed by Congress
-160 acres free to any American citizen
-had to live on the land for five years and make improvements |
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| passed by Congress to help solve problems facing farmers in the Plains |
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| name given to farmers in the plains; houses were often made from sod (dirt and grass roots) -- timber was hard to come by |
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| 3 new inventions that helped the farmers of the Great Plains |
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Definition
Barbed wire
Steel Plow
Windmills |
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| -large farms financed byoutside capital |
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-Wild West Show
-toured the U.S. for 30 years
-romanticized the west |
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Term
What helped the cities to grow?
1865-1900 (3) |
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Definition
-cheap steel - longer bridges, taller buildings
-Mass Transit
-Elevators |
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Term
Problems of Urban Growth
1865-1900
(3) |
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Definition
-overcrowding
-pollution
-no sanitation = diseases, filth |
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Term
Old Immigrants
Firt immigration |
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Definition
1800 - 1880
-protestant
-from northern and western Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden) |
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