built 1961

demolished 1989

prevent emigration and defection from East Germany

many were killed trying to cross over it

its fall meant the Reunification of Germany

Johnson

(1963-1969)

• postponed the detente because he wanted to focus on more domestic issues
• Doesn't know much about foreign policy
• he takes US back to ABC taking a more military than economic stance
• tries to establish good connections witht he soviets

John F. Kennedy - 1961

package of economic aid for developing countries in Latin America because their poverty was making communism appealing to them (communism offered to help them out of the gutter)

• peace corps is a part of this - good way to help out and good public relations for the US
• Kennedy was killed before he could really see it play out
• fails in the 70s because Latin Am. countries didn't want to implement the reform and presidents afte Kennedy didn't support it as much as he did

Lead Communist Soviet union 1953-1964 (Cold War)

less repressive than Stalin

Cuban missile crisis

American U2 spy plane

he tried to foster good relations with the West

split with China

preceded Brezhnev

succeeded Kruschchev

1964-1982

sent military to Afghanistan to help regime fight the mujahideen

supported detente

invested in Soviet military

SALT and Helsinki Accords

Won Vietnam war

June 1967

Israel vs. Syria, Jordan, Iraq, and Egypt

Israel won against the Arabs!

Israel believed the three Arab states would co-ordinated a massive attack on Israel

UN's thre point peace program:

1) withdraw israeli forces from occupied territories

2) Arab recognition of Israel and its right to its pre-war territories

3) a just settlement of the refugee problem

Creates two distinct British protectorates:

• Palestine, as a national home for the Jewish people under direct British rule
• Transjordan, an Emirate governed semi-autonomously from Britain

Britain allows the jewish community to administer separate proto-state institutions in palestine:

• jewish national fun (JNF) for land purchases - land can't be sold back to the locals
• Social services through labor federation (later Labor Party)
• World Zionist Organization - channels external funds (outside organization)

1948

Jewish state - safe haven for Jewish people

Leader: Ho Chi Minh

communist

1964 Johnson

Vietnam & US already at war; this doesn't help

US ship attacked by Vietnam in bay of Tonkin

Johnson was authorized to do whatever necessary in order to assist "any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty." This included involving armed forces.

Rolling Thunder - waves upon waves of aerial bombs

continuous areal bombardment campaign by US against North Vietnam

FAILED

Americans who were pro Vietnam war and wanted to send in more troops so we could win

US can't afford to lose another country to Communism (China and Brazil)

US can't afford to look weak

Domino theory - if one country falls to communism, all of the surrounding countries will as well

The casualties of the war are regretable, but the human rights violations that would come with communism are much worse

Americans who were anti Vietnam war and wanted troops to retreat and settle the war with peace

why?

• we were supporting a dictatorship that the country itself didn't support
• casualties
• expensive
• we have no strategic interest in Vietnam
• US was loosing face; rest of the world chastized US
• the likelihood of success was NOT very good

If one country falls to communism, surrounding countries will follow suit

China -> Korea -> Vietnam -> Laos -> Cambodia -> Thailand -> Malaysia -> Indonesia -> Burma -> India

Ho Chi Minh

(1951-1969)

marxist-leninist North Vietnamese leader

established Democratic Republic of Vietnam

1970 Nixon

Students at Kent state were protesting American invasion of Cambodia and were shot at by the guard (4 killed, 9 wounded)

Nixon

(1969-1974)

very anti-communist

convinced war can't be won militarily

wants US out of Vietnam - honourable end

focuses on domestic issues (Kent State shootings, Doves vs. Hawks)

National Security Advisor and Secretary of State for Nixon and Ford

- pioneered the detente

- helped improve relations with China

- signed Paris Peace Accords to end US involvement in vietnam war

we can't be seen as weak!

the least he wants out of he end of the war is an independent non-communist government in South Vietnam

Gradual withdrawal of American troops (virtually completed by 1973)

Nixon brought our boys home

also to help South Vietnam to be able to stand up for itself

1973 Arab-Israeli War

(Yom Kippur or Ramadan War)

Arabs (Egypt and Syria) surprise invaded Israel

US backed Israel & Soviet Union backed Arabs

Israel won, again

lead to Geneva Conference (1973) to come to an accord between Israel and Arabs

Nixon 1971

• Easing of relations between Soviet Union and US
• SALT I and Helsinki agreement were signed
• Red line installed
• ended in 1980 with Soviet involvement in Afghanistan and Reagan's election

SALT Treaties

(Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

negotiations between the United States and Soviet Union in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons

SALT I - 1969

SALT II - 1979

Nixon's Trip to China

1972

HUGE impact on US relations with the rest of the world and started an alliance with China (trade)

China and US joined forces against Soviet Union

US - Soviet Union - China

Soviets and China turn to US for support in their fight against each other

US wasn't highest power anymore

Ford

1974-1977

signed Helsinki accords

increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President

bad US economy

high point of Detente (continues to ease tensions with Soviet Union)

Soviets and US agree to exchange more (economic, scientific, environmental cooperation, ec.)

W. Germany helps E. Germany!

opened up East Europe regimes to the rest of the world

Goal: respect human rights and fundamental freedoms and to cooperate in economic, scientific, humanitarian, and other areas

Carter

1977-1981

cuts military spending and arms sales

doesn't want to meddle in international affairs

does not support oppressive dictators

supports retreating from Korea

all fo human rights

- Camp David Accords

- SALT

- Iran hostage crisis

- soviet invasion of Afghanistan

regain US moral stature, rally citizens to a cause

it was hard to save the worlds human rights in practice

Vietnam

Geneva conference temporarily separated it into 2 1954

reunited 1975 at the end of the Vietnam war

1959

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

formed by US, Britain, and France

goal: to control production and prices of petroleum

equivalent of pres

Shah runs to US fro help with Iranian Revolution, ends up fleeing the country

Carter 1979-1981

Iran holds 66 US hostages

revenge for prior holds on oil and coups

US tries to negotiate and eventually salvage - fail

Algiers accord released hostages

left-wing nicaraguan party

opposed Somoza

rivals of pro-US Contras 

contra war - war to overthrow sandinistas

nicaraguan rebel groups opposing Sandinistas

financially and militarily supported by US

US support for contras banned by Congress

Contra's need help from elsewhere (Iran-Contra affair)

1978

peace accord between Israel and Egypt

- Israel agreed to return the Sinai to Egypt

- both agreed to negotiate Palestinian autonomy measures in the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip

President Carter as whitness

Reagan

1981-1989

• make America great again
• originally rejects detent - soviets are evil - until Gorbachev comes to power; then he agrees to talk
• all international events are confrontations with Soviets
• Helps britain with Apartheid in S. Africa - Mandela fit the communist mold so he couldn't gain power
• rejects helsinki accords
• spends more money on military and arms
• creates SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative)

Gorbachev is receptive to Reagan negotiations

"Solftliner" (open to change)

leader of East Germany 1971-1989

built Berlin wall

welcomed detente

ousted by communist party

Advocates U.S. support of anticommunist governments around the world, including authoritarian dictatorships, if they went along with Washington's aims—believing they could be led into democracy by example.

"Traditional authoritarian governments are less repressive than revolutionary autocracies."

proxy war

Mujahedeen want to overthrow the marxist-leninist government in Afghanistan, so Soviets come in to help out

US supports Mujahedeen and they win

"Freedom Fighters"

rebell against soviet presence in Afghanistan

supported and trained by US

 come out victorious

white supremacy - afrikaner minority

ABC - anything but communism - Mandela "was communist"

• US needed help to fund training of Contras so that they can overthrow the Nicaraguan government
• US adopts Boland Amendments to stop US from using US funds to help overthrow Nicaraguan gov
• US still helps - secretely sells weapons to Iran
• US was already supporting Iraq in the Iran-Iraq war
• US asks countries it aided for money back
• US asks for donations from businesses

reformers

flexible regimes like Gorbachev

regime adhered rigidly to a form or theory

1989

demontrations in Germany after hungary opened border to austria, led to resignation of Honecker and consequent fall of wall

1987

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

agreement between US and Soviet Union eliminates nuclear and conventional ground-launched missiles with intemediate ranges (500-5,500 km)

president of Russia 1991-1999

succeeds Gorbachev

protests 1989

economic reform and libralization of Chinese gov.

people were killed to stop the protests

government was chastized for using force

US invades Panama

reasons:

- keep US citizens in Panama safe

- defending democracy and human rights

- combating drug trafficking

1991

its collapse ended the Cold War

began after Gorbachev impleemented perestroika and glastnot

w/ freedom of speech people criticized him

all of its regions began to demand independence

cold war

throughout the whole thing, the US and the Soviets managed to never fight each other

it was stable

advocate liberalism, free-trade, and open markets

enhancing the role of the private sector

market and individual 

group of liberals who in the 60s opposed Johnson

they thought it was too close to communism

also support free markets

After the cold war US reduced involvement in world affairs to focus on domestic ones

not as popular as neoliberalism or neoconservatism

policy makers rejected it

soviet bloc countries - no longer enemies but not allies either

including: 

former Soviet Union nuclear materials were being lost

US had no control over where they went or who got them

HUGE threat

1988-1992

pragmatist

expert in foreign policy

whitnessed fall of BErlin wall and soviet union

ordered military presence in panaa and persian gulf

signed NAFTA

1993-2001

neoliberal

democracy and capitalism

humanitarian involvement

focus on domestic affairs

reduces military spending

democratic enlargement

implements NAFTA so US will trade more

rise in world democracies

Eastern Europe, soviet republics, adn 3rd world countries moving towards democracy and capitalism

US should only attack when they are strong enough, and then with overwhelming force and so as to assure a quick victory

reaction to US in Vietnam War

pre-text for US invasion of Panama

Panamian leader Noriega led drug trafficking country

Persian Gulf War

(1990-1991)

power of a state to act on its belongings alone

if there is genocide others can and should intervene

UN led by US war against Iraq for its invasion of Kuwait

UN coalition won

kuwait freed

controlled the mouth of the Shatt al Arab

possessed large reserves of oil

democratic enlargement

CLinton neede to calm gloabl issues first before it could spread democracy

UN peacekeeping missins faced difficulties

trouble with nation-building (country can't stand on its own 2 feet after Us leaves)

in Bosnia, Kosovo, Rwanda, Yugoslavia

ethnic cleansing

military is the single power

genocide 

1999 NATO bombed yugoslavia

yugoslavia removed troops from Kosovo

war 1992-1995

won with US help

US donated $ to reconstruct

military despotism

US is supposed to help haiti

humanitarian issues

poverty

poverty and starvation

successful nation-building

Afghanistan

when US and soviets pull out, it crumbles - power vacuum

success in kosovo

US tried many times to help countries back on their feet

1994 genocide

US helps out a TON

Fall of soviet union? weapons were dispersed among the now rogue states and no one knew who had them

those who matter don't care and those who care don't matter

less military spending

improve domestic economy by lowering deficits

North american free trade agreement

US will do better if it trades more

Bush came up with it, CLinton really implemented it

1986-1994

trade agreement: 100+ countries reduce tariffs 

less barriers against trade

spread of nuclear weapons to states not recognized as nuclear states

India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel, etc.

financial and trade embargo in 1990

compel Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait, to pay reparations and to disclose and eliminate any weapons of mass destruction

considered a valuable asset to begin with

Iraq

breaks UN law - sovereignty and human right violations

George W. Bush

(2001-2009)

signed Kyoto protocol

9/11

launched wars in Afghanistan and Iraq

Patriot Act

wanted to focus on domestic until 9/11

Distribution of power is given to one state that has most of its cultural, economic, and military influence.

US had military and financial advantage and no major rivals after cold war

multiple countries working in concert on a given issue

UN and WTO are multilateral

one-sided action

post-1990 political phrase describing participants in military or military-humanitarian interventions for which the UN cannot agree to mount a full UN peace-keeping operation

Clinton - North Korea - 1994

international military campaign led by the United States and the United Kingdom with the support of other NATO as well as non-NATO countries. Originally, the campaign was waged against al-Qaeda and other militant organizations with the purpose of eliminating them

coined by George W. Bush

global militant islamic organization founded by Osama Bin Laden

9/11

mulitnational and stateless army

radical Sunni movement looking to take over the world

2001 George W. Bush

reaction to 9/11

ramatically reduced restrictions in law enforcement agencies' gathering of intelligence within the United States

expanded treasury's authority to regulate financial transactions

made arresting people suspect of terrorism MUCh easier

after 9/11

US should have best military!

attack them before they attack us

invasion of Iraq to stop development of nuclear weapons

islamic political and militant group

leader of parts of Afghanistan including capital Kabul

no government, no outside help

country falls when support leaves

Afghanistan front agains Taliban and al-Qaeda

2001-present

official name for War in Afghanistan

Taliban overthrown and killing of Osama bin Laden

president of Afghanistan

Karzai unable to stop corruption

US taxpayer money landing in Afghanistan

US goes to Pakistan for help with war on terror

offers to forgive its debts and lift sanctions

after Saddam is overthrown elections are attempted but it fails

part of iraq with their own government

Kurds start to retaliate against Saddam he fights back (horrific!)

Saddam breaks humanitarian law and US intervenes

communist leader of China

meets with Reagan in 1972

lots of crises in his rule but he laid the foundation for today's China

82-87

communist

led china to market economy

wants an independent non-communist goverment in South Vietnam

US can't undertake all of defense of the free nations of the world - they need to learn how to fight their own wars

US will provde nuclear shield and aid, but no troops

1955-1975

between North and South vietnam

US backed South Vietnam

North Vietnam won

No more Republic of Vietnam - becomes Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Communists take over Laos, Cambodia, and South Vietnam