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| The second long stage of North American habitation, covering about 7,000 years in BCE. Inhabitants adapted to diverse local environments, gathering plants and hunting smaller animals than during the previous Paleo-Indian period. |
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| A group of islands such as the Hawaiian archipelago |
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| A weighted handheld device that enabled early Native Americans to throw spears with added power and velocity. |
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| The significant two-way interchange of plants, animals, microbes and people that occured once Christopher Columbus established regular contact by sea b/t the eastern and western hemispheres. |
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| The process of integration- economic but also cultural- of different parts of the world into a more unified system of trade and communication. |
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| Relating to Europe's Iberian Peninsula, the location of Spain and Portugal. |
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| A narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas such as the Isthmus of Panama. |
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| The transitional region between North and South America composed of Mexico and Central America. |
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| The earliest human inhabitants of North America who first migrated to the continent from Siberia more than 15,000 years ago. They learned to hunt smaller animals and adapted to varied local conditions during archaic period. |
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| The schematic arrangement of a population in a ranking of horizontal or social layers (strata) or an identifiable hierarchy of classes within a society. |
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| A levy or donation (generally a tenth part) given to provide support usually for a Church. |
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| A representative elected to the popular branch of the colonial legislature in either Virginia or Maryland. |
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| The Spanish encomienda system imposed in Spain's American empires requiring Indian communities to supply labor or pay tribute to a local colonial overlord (identified as an encomendero) |
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| Under the headright system English colonial governments granted a fixed amount of land (about 50 acres) to any head of household for every family member or hired hand that person brought into the colony. |
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| Native American confederacy located in central New York originally composed of the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga and Seneca Indians and later including the Tuscarora. |
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| An Indian religious system inspried by Mexican traditions and present in the American SW for more than 800 years. The kachina cult used masks for group performances associated with rain, curing, fertility, warfare and the ancestors. |
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| In Greek mythology one of the nine sister goddesses who preside over music, poetry and the arts. |
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| French term for the dependent and legal status of a women during marriage. Under English law the male family head received legal rights and his wife lost independent status becoming in legal terms a femme covert. |
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| A commercial policy that sought to achieve economic self-suffiency and a favorable balance of trade in order to promote a country's prosperity, strength and independence. Rival European imperial powers favored the strategy of mercantilism in the 17th and 18th centuries. |
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| A person of mixed European and American Indian ancestry. |
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| A person of mixed European and African ancestry. |
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| Ships and their crew members licensed to harass enemy shipping in wartime. |
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| A legislative body that has only one chamber or house. |
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| Algonquin Indian term for a Native American leader or chief. |
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| A contract negotiated by the Spanish crown with other European powers such as Portugal, France, England and the Netherlands to provide a fixed number of slaves annually to Spain's American colonies for a set payment. |
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| An enclosure or barrack used for the confinement of slaves before their forced deportation from the African coast. |
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| A procession or train of enslaved prisoners, bound together for travel. |
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| The dispersion of a population abroad whether forced or voluntary. The term is often applied to Jewish settlement outside the eastern Mediterranean region and to the spread of Africans across the Americas due to the Atlantic slave trade. |
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| A document binding one person to work for another for a given period of time. Indentured servants received food, shelter and clothing plus "freedom duties" when their terms of service ended to help them get started independently. |
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| A formal emancipation from slavery the act by an individual owner or government authority of granting freedom to an enslaved person or persons. |
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| For European slave ships the middle passage was the secon of three legs in the triangular round-trip voyage from Europe to Africa to America and back to Europe. Foe enslaved Africans the middle passage came to mean not only the transatlantic journey itself but the entire process of removal from an African homeland and ultimate sale to an American master. |
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| In colonial times a shelter to quarantine those possibly infected with contagious diseases to prevent the spread of shipborne pestilence. |
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| A city described in the Old Testament where constructing a tower was made impossible by the confusion of varied languages. This term from the Book of Genesis is used to describe any scene of clamor and confusion. |
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| The Louisiana word for French-speaking people from cadia who were forced to move south in 1755 during the French and Indian War. Many of these refugees eventually moved to French Louisiana where they had a lasting impact on the culture. |
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| Any sizeable fleet of ships or more specifically a naval term for a unit consisting of two or more squadrons of small warships. |
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| The title that was applied in retrospect to the interdenominational Christian revival that swept Britain's North American colonies between the 1730s and 1750s inspired at first by the preaching of Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. |
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| An 18th century arrangement in which potential migrants in Europe signed up with an agent who agreed to pay for their Atlantic passage. Reaching America the newcomer signed a pact to work for several years for an employer. In exchange for much needed labor the employer agreed to pay back the shipper "redeeming" the original loan that had been made to the immigrant "redemptioner" |
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| The title for a male rule or king of Russian during the centuries before the Russian Revolution of 1917 |
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| Latin phrase meaning "in reality" sometimes applied to a government that is exercising real power though it has not been legally constituted. |
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| A highly maneuverable decked in canoe used by Native Alaskans for travel and hunting. |
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| A remedy for a wrong, a correction or reparation. As a verb to redress means to correct to set right or to remove the cause of a grievance. |
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| Cannons, artillery and by extension general military supplies including weapons, ammunition, combat vehicles and tools. |
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| A diverse and unsuccessful coalition that opposed ratification of the Constitution and feared the increased power of the proposed central government. |
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| A set of amendments assuring basic rights proposed by James Madison to help ensure acceptance of the newly drafted Constitution and based on suggestions from the states. Ten of the twelve items passed by Congress were ratified by the states in 1791. Taken together these first ten amendments to the Constitution became known as the BOR. |
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| The rules controlling interactions among the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government, making up a novel system designed to prevent any single branch from overreaching its powers as set forth in the Constitution in 1787 |
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| An intricate system in which each state appoints electors equal in number to its representation in Congress to elect the president and vice president. The electoral college is a provision of the Constitution because the framers were unwilling to approve the direct election of president and vice president. This group or college of electors still makes the selection voting according to prior party commitments rather than individual choice. |
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| A coalition of nationalist leaders who favored creating a stronger central government to replace the Articles of Confederation. |
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| An alliance or compact between political units that agree to surrender certain powers to a central authority while still retaining other powers. |
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| The novel idea that the powers of the three branches of government- legislative, executive and judicial- should be kept separate from one another so that each can check and balance the powers of the other two. |
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| A social movement embracing either total opposition to alcohol consumption or support for its moderate use. |
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| A controversial clause of the Constitution said that each slave would count as 3/5ths of all other persons when representatives and direct taxes were being apportioned to states according to population. Slaves had no rights of citizenship but the clause gave southern slave states additional power in Congress. |
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