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| Were American colonists who remained loyal to the Kingdom of Great Britain (and the British monarchy) during the American Revolutionary War. At the time they were often called Tories, Royalists, or King's Men. |
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| Iroquois Confederacy (1600s-1784) |
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(1600s-1784)
The decentralized political and diplomatic entity that emerged in response to European colonization. Confederacy dissolved after the defeat of the British and allied Iroquois nations in the American Revolutionary War. The five (later six) Indian tribes across upper New York state. 1779 U.S. Major General John Sullivan led a retaliatory expedition, defeating them. |
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(French and Indian War 1754)
Fort of the British Army during the French and Indian War. Battle of Fort Necessity in 1754 was the one of the first battles in the War and was George Washington’s (leader of British troops in French/Indian War) only military surrender. |
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| (French and Indian War 1754) Fort established by the French in 1754, at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers in what is now downtown Pittsburgh. Fell in 1758. |
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| French and Indian War (1754-1760)/Seven Years War (1754-1758) |
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| is the American name for the North American theater of the Seven Years' War. The war was fought primarily between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France. Harsh tactics used: British offered scalp bounties of French to Native Americans (thus Indian involvement). British victory results in Treat of Paris. British gained Florida, territory east of Mississippi, and some southern parts of Canada. France also gave Spain Louisiana territory in Treaty of Paris. Significant loss of land for French. |
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| first was senior officer in the colonial forces during the first stages of the French and Indian War and led British troops to victory in 1763. Then served as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). He also presided over the convention that drafted the Constitution, which replaced the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution established the position of President of the United States, which Washington was the first to hold (1789-1797). |
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| British Whig statesman who led Britain during the Seven Years' War (known as the French and Indian War in the United States). Known for brilliant rhetoric and dedication to expansionism and colonialism. Issued impressment orders. After Seven Years’ War will be appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain (1766-68). |
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| (1760-1820): King during victory of Seven Years War and ruler during American Revolution. Known as a good man, but criticized as a bad politician and too trusting of a person. Contracted mental disease, porphyria, which caused him to have fits of madness and made him physically/mentally incapable of ruling. |
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| (1763): Written after Great Britain’s victory over France ending Seven Years War. French had to make a number of territorial accessions to the British. Territory east of Mississippi and Canada given to the Brits. Territory west of Mississippi was given to Spain. French still had control over Louisiana. |
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| revenue-raising act by British Parliament, which raised the price on cane sugar and lowered the price on molasses (a substitute to sugar). |
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| British Parliament imposed direct tax on colonies which required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London, carrying an embossed revenue stamp. These printed materials were legal documents, magazines, newspapers and many other types of paper used throughout the colonies. The purpose of the tax was to help pay for troops stationed in North America after the British victory in the Seven Years' War. Met with great resistance in the colonies, thought it was against their rights to be taxed without their consent (since they didn’t get to send any delegates to British Parliament). |
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| led the opposition to the Stamp Act of 1765 and is remembered for his "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" speech. Regarded as one of the most influential champions of Republicanism and an invested promoter of the American Revolution. Opposed the United States Constitution, fearing that it endangered the rights of the States as well as the freedoms of individuals thus helped gain adoption of Bill of Rights. Was governor of Virginia from 1776-1779. Was a founding father. |
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| a group consisting of American patriots, the group was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to take to the streets against the taxes by the British government. They are best known for undertaking the Boston Tea Party in 1773, which led to the Intolerable Acts (an intense crackdown by the British government). |
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| successful Colonial American group, established around 1766, that consisted of women who displayed their loyalty by participating in boycotts of British goods following the passage of the Townshend Acts. |
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| patriot, lawyer, and a founding father of the U.S. was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution. Adams was a part of a movement opposed to the British Parliament's efforts to tax the British American colonies without their consent. His 1768 letter calling for colonial cooperation prompted the occupation of Boston by British soldiers, eventually resulting in the Boston Massacre of 1770. He helped guide Congress towards issuing the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and helped draft the Articles of Confederation. |
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| was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, which accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act 1765. The declaration stated that Parliament's authority was the same in America as in Britain and asserted Parliament's authority to pass laws that were binding on the American colonies. |
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| As a member of the Board of Trade he showed an interest in increasing British powers of taxation and control over the colonies. Proposed program of “acts” (sugar act, stamp act, ect.) in 1767 as a way to gain revenue for Great Britain through taxation of its colonists. Seen as great economist. |
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(1770)
Ascended to Prime Minister of Great Britain. Tried to balance paying off Britain’s massive debt after Seven Years War and not pissing off colonists. Tried to cut down taxes on colonists to try to avoid creating resentment among them. |
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March 5th 1770
Amid ongoing tense relations between the population and the soldiers, a mob formed around a British sentry, who was subjected to verbal abuse and harassment. He was eventually supported by eight additional soldiers, who were subjected to verbal threats and thrown objects. They then fired into the crowd, without orders killing five civilian men and injured six others. Further heightened tensions throughout 13 colonies. British troops were removed from Boston. John Adams would defend the troops in court and their sentences would be reduced to a branding. |
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| was an American slave, and supposedly first to be shot to death by British redcoats in Boston Massacre. |
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| instated by British Parliament to undercut the price of tea smuggled into Britain's North American colonies. This was supposed to convince the colonists to purchase Company tea on which the Townshend duties were paid, thus implicitly agreeing to accept Parliament's right of taxation. |
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(December 16, 1773)
was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, a city in the British colony of Massachusetts, against the tax policy of the British government and the East India Company that controlled all the tea imported into the colonies. After officials in Boston refused to return three shiploads of taxed tea to Britain, a group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor. |
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| Coercive/Intolerable Acts |
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(1774)
series of laws passed by the British Parliament relating to Massachusetts after the Boston Tea party. The acts stripped Massachusetts of self-government rights, triggering outrage and resistance in 13 colonies. They were key developments in the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775. Ex: Boston Port Act: which closed Boston’s port until East India Company had been repaid for tea destroyed in Boston Tea Party |
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| Committees of Correspondence |
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| shadow governments organized by the Patriot leaders of the Thirteen Colonies on the eve of the American Revolution. The committees of correspondence rallied opposition on common causes and established plans for collective action, and so the group of committees was the beginning of what later became a formal political union among the colonies. The Maryland Committee of Correspondence was instrumental in setting up the First Continental Congress, which met in Philadelphia, PA. |
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| First Continental Congress |
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| was a convention of delegates from twelve colonies (not including Georgia) that met on September 5, 1774, in Philadelphia early in the American Revolution. Called in response to the passage of the Coercive Acts.The Congress was attended by 56 members appointed by the legislatures of twelve of the Thirteen Colonies. The Congress met briefly to consider options, including an economic boycott of British trade; rights and grievances; and petitioned King George III for redress of those grievances. The delegates also urged each colony to set up and train its own militia. |
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| Second U.S. president (1797-1801). Was a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress, he played a leading role in persuading Congress to declare independence. Helped Thomas Jefferson draft Declaration of Independence in 1776. |
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| (April 19, 1775): were the first military engagements of the Civil War and marked the outbreak of armed conflict between Great Britain and the 13 colonies. British had planned to capture and destroy military supplies that were reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord, but colonial troops had heard about the plan previously and had moved them. The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington. The militia was outnumbered and fell back, and the regulars proceeded on to Concord, where they searched for the supplies. Ended in Colonial victory. |
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| Second Continental Congress |
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| was a convention of delegates from the thirteen colonies (except Georgia) that started meeting on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. |
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| (July 1775): was adopted by the Continental Congress in a fortified attempt to avoid a full-blown war between the 13 colonies and the Great Britain. The petition affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated the king to prevent further conflict. Was rejected colonies. |
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| (January 1776): pamphlet written by Thomas Paine. Presented the American colonists with an argument for freedom from British rule at a time when the question of seeking independence was still undecided. Convinced colonists that they should be free to govern themselves and not by Britain |
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| Wrote Common Sense in 1776. Most famous work and is attributed to the colony’s commitment to the Revolutionary War and freedom from Britain. |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| (July 4, 1776): adopted by the Continental Congress which announced that the 13 colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. |
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| Third president of the U.S, was an American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence. Oversaw the purchase of the vast Louisiana Territory from France (1803), and sent the Lewis and Clark Expedition. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| (ratified in 1781): an agreement among the 13 founding states that established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution. |
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| French military officer who was connection between France and the Continental Army. Served as a major general in the Continental Army under George Washington. |
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| served as inspector general and Major General of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He is credited with being one of the fathers of the Continental Army in teaching them the essentials of military drills, tactics, and disciplines. |
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| King of France from 1775-1791. Actively supported North American colonists in Revolutionary War. |
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| (September 3, 1783): Ended the Revolutionary War. Acknowledged the United States to be a free, sovereign and independent nation, and that the British Crown and all heirs and successors relinquish claims to the Government, property, and territorial rights. |
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| first Roman Catholic bishop in the U.S., founder of the oldest Catholic university in the U.S, Georgetown, in 1791. |
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| (1744-1818): Wife of second U.S. president, John Adams. Outspoken woman, who often advised her husband on governmental/political matters. |
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| Letter written by Abigail Adams on March 31, 1776, urges husband John Adams and the Continental Congress not to forget about the nation's women when fighting for America's independence from Great Britain. |
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| called for the land in the recently-created United States of America west of the Appalachian Mountains, north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to be divided into separate states. Ordinance was adopted by the United States Congress under the Articles of Confederation. Thomas Jefferson was the principal author. Land Ordinance of 1785: was to raise money through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original states acquired at the 1783 (Treaty of Paris) after the end of the Revolutionary War since Congress did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation. |
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| (July 13, 1787): The creation of the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River. |
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| was a founding father and primary author of the economic policies of the George Washington administration as U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1789-1795). He became the leader of the Federalist Party, created largely in support of his views, and was opposed by the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Was opposed to the Articles of the Confederation. |
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| fourth president of the U.S. (1809-1817). Instrumental in the drafting of the United States Constitution and as the key champion and author of the United States Bill of Rights. |
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| were pro-slavery activists from the slave state of Missouri, who in 1854 to 1860 crossed the state border into Kansas Territory, to force the acceptance of slavery there. Armed ruffians caused violence which would lead to “Bleeding Kansas” and helped bring on Civil war. |
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| Republican U.S. senator in Massachusetts (1851-1874) was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the Civil War working to destroy the Confederacy, free all the slaves and keep on good terms with Europe. |
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| abolitionist, who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States. Tried to make a slave army, but none ended up joining him. 1856 Brown and a small group killed five pro-slavery supporters at Pottawatomie. Later in 1869 led unsuccessful raid of Harper’s Ferry that ended in his capture, and later hanging. Many say that raid of Harper’s ferry ignited spark that would lead to secession and the beginning of the Civil War a year later. Was considered a crazy man. |
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| (March 1857) The court found that no black, free or slave, could claim U.S. citizenship, and therefore blacks were unable to petition the court for their freedom. Basically established that even if a slave lived in a northern free state, didn’t necessarily mean he was free. Slaves were considered property in south and therefore Supreme Court/Constitution couldn’t protect them. |
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| where a person's livelihood depends on wages, especially when the dependence is total and immediate |
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| 16th president of the U.S. (1861-1865), Whig Party leader. Won the Civil War, advocate for abolition. Known as a down to earth, real, honest man. Shock that he won 1860 election. Wrote the Gettysburg Address in 1863. After Civil War, wanted to reunite the country and held moderate view on Reconstruction. |
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| is the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or especially a political entity. Civil War: following Lincoln's victory, many Southern whites felt that disunion had become their only option and thus wanted to secede from the American Union. South Carolina was first to secede in late 1860. |
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| Unsuccessful proposal introduced in 1860 which aimed to resolve the U.S. secession crisis of 1860–1861 by addressing the grievances that led the slave states of the United States to contemplate secession from the United States. |
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| Confederate States of America |
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| was a government set up from 1861 to 1865 by a number of Southern slave states that had declared their secession from the United States. The Confederacy consisted of South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Missouri and Kentucky were considered affiliated states. Would end up fighting “Union” of North in the Civil War. |
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| Leader and President of the Confederate States of America from 1861-1865. |
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| sea fort located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. The fort is best known as the site upon which the shots initiating the American Civil War were fired, at the Battle of Fort Sumter. It was a Union fort in a confederate state, therefore Confederates wanted to possess it. Confederacy fired shots on Union ship who was delivering supplies to the fort. |
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| military officer who is best known for having commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War. Decided to follow his home state, Virginia (a confederate state), even though he desired the Union to stay in tact and President Lincoln had offered him command position of Union Army. He soon emerged as a shrewd tactician and battlefield commander, winning numerous battles against larger Union armies. Lee would ultimately surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. |
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| was the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877) following his highly successful role as a war general in the second half of the Civil War. Under Grant, the Union Army defeated the Confederate military; having effectively ended the war and secession with the surrender of Robert E. Lee's army at Appomattox. As president he led the Radical Republicans in their effort to eliminate all vestiges of Confederate nationalism and slavery. |
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| New York City Draft Riots |
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| (July 13-16 1863) were violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. |
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| "salt-water" armored warships used by South Atlantic Blockading Squadron in January 1863. |
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| arguably most important naval battle of the American Civil War from the standpoint in 1862. It was the first meeting in combat of ironclad warships. Battle was held in mouth of Hampton Roads, Virginia. |
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| battle fought on July 21, 1861, in Virginia near the city of Manassas. It was the first major land battle of the American Civil War. Resulted in Confederate victory. |
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| Emancipation Proclamation |
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| Issued by Pres. Abraham Lincoln January 1, 1863, It proclaimed that all those enslaved in Confederate territory to be forever free, thus applying to 3.1 million of the 4 million slaves in the U.S. The Proclamation could not be enforced in areas still under rebellion, but as the army took control of Confederate regions, the slaves in those regions were emancipated rather than returned to their masters. |
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| fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek, was the first major battle in the Civil War to take place on Union soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with 22,717 dead, wounded and missing on both sides combined. Although the battle was tactically inconclusive, it had significance as enough of a victory to give Pres. Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation, which discouraged the British and French governments from potential plans for recognition of the Confederacy. |
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| “Angel of the Battlefield” in August of 1862, Barton finally gained permission from Quartermaster Daniel Rucker to work on the front lines. Helped medically tend to soldiers during Civil War. Founder of the American Red Cross |
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| Fought July 1-3, 1863 in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the Civil War and is often described as the war's turning point. Union victory and ended Lee’s invasion of the North. |
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| fought April 1, 1865 was the final engagement of Confederate States Army General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered to the Union Army under Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, and one of the last battles of the American Civil War. On April 9th, Lee signed surrender papers. |
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| General in the Union Army during the Civil War (1861–65), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy where he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States. “Sherman’s March” went from Georgia up through Carolinas burning cities in his path. Took Atlanta in September 2, 1864. |
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| assassinated President Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre in Washington D.C., on April 14, 1865, just five days after the ending of the Civil War. Booth would be hunted down and killed. |
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| Constitutional amendment which outlaws slavery and involuntary servitude and was adopted December of 1865. |
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| far-right organization in the United States, which has advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy and white nationalism, historically expressed through terrorism. Known for being extremely racist and speaking out against rights of blacks. First Klan flourished in the Southern United States from 1865-1870 and wouldn’t make a come back until 1915. |
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| refers chiefly to a free man owning his own farm. In the United States, yeomen were identified in the 18th and 19th centuries as non-slaveholding, small landowning, family farmers. Northern farms were usually run by yeoman farmers. |
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| were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a "homestead", at little or no cost. Was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862. Initially proposed as a way for individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to Southern slave-owners who could use groups of slaves to economic advantage. |
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| He is best known for his essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" (1893), whose ideas formed the Frontier Thesis. He argued that the moving western frontier shaped American democracy and the American character from the colonial era until 1890. |
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| The Three G's of Exploration |
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Definition
Gold: found in abundance in Mexico (especially by Cortes)
Glory: conquest of new colonies brought glory to the conquering country
God: to spread the word and teachings of God to other cultures |
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| Italian explorer employed by the Spanish king and queen to discover new territory. Thought he was headed for India but hit the United States; thus, Native Americans were named “Indians”. His voyages led to the colonization of his discovered territories and to the first lasting European contact with the Americas (although he was not the first European to have contact with the Americas). Lands in the Bahamas in 1492. His first encounter with natives were the Arawaks/Tainos |
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| Indigenous peoples of the West Indies. Columbus encountered them on his voyage to the Americans in 1492 and enslaved them—sets precedence for further enslavement of natives. They were described as “peaceful primitive people” |
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Were Spanish soldiers, explorers and adventurers. They sailed beyond Europe and established new trade routes and territories. Spread diseases for the first time worldwide and infected many native people with fatal illnesses. Their goal was to increase their status and that of their descendents
· They were contracted by private parties like kings
· They were warriors with organized tactics (cavalry, attack dogs, firearms)
· Conquistadores (soldiers) and padres (priests)
· Their conversion techniques included healing miracles, rituals, and the church equaling status
· The cultural exchange led to language and mixed race births and marriages |
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· Spanish conquistador who led to the fall of the Aztec empire and brought large portions of Mexico in the early 16th century
· He was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas
· He executed successful strategy by allying indigenous people and taking advantage of them, which in the end led to their downfall
· He had a native translator to help him in the New World (Malinche) |
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| 1573. A law issued by King Phillip II to track all aspects of economic and political life in newly discovered territories |
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“Exchange” in disease, belief, culture between ethnic groups following Columbus' voyage in 1492.
· Animals: (old to new) horses, bees, cattle, pigs, rats
Disease: smallpox, chicken pox, measles, whooping cough, Scarlett fever, influenza |
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· A sea route through the Arctic Ocean along the northern coast of North America which connects to the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
· It was sought for centuries by explorers as a potential trade route
· Pack ice made it unable to navigate without obstruction |
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· An economic doctrine that said government control of foreign trade is important in ensuring the military security of a country
· In particular, it demands positive balance of trade
· High tariffs on manufactured goods are a fundamental |
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· Work ethic was strong
· Views on sex were more liberal than we give them credit for
· Ministers had immense power, only church members could vote, and the law required church attendance
· They were very close, tight knit communities with a lack of privacy and involvement in private affairs
· Accused some of being witches and trials were held |
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· English protestants who occupied the extreme wing of Puritanism
· Critical of the Church of England and wanted to separate themselves from it
· Believed they had been selected by God for salvation
· They separated themselves by moving to a remote location in 1620 to protect their community and practice their religious beliefs separate from the Church of England (which is why they headed for Plymouth Rock, MA) |
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· 17th century colonial province on the East Coast
· Dutch West India Company territories
· Europeans recruited by the company and transported to America in support of Dutch commercial initiatives
· They found themselves in a new world that initially was structured by Dutch political and social conventions |
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· Englishman. Comes on scouting mission to America
· Established North Carolina colony of Roanoke in 1584
· The colony failed again in 1588-1589 |
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| Englishman and brother of Sir Walter Raleigh. Pioneer of English colonization in North America |
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1584: The failed English colony established by Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Humphrey Gilbert
· They only brought men, it was a failure
· Couldn’t supply the colony and they weren’t on good terms with the natives
· Wasn’t a raging success in 1584, so in 1585 they returned with Grenville
· Grenville promised to return in April 1586 with more supplies and food
· He leaves some on Roanoke to protect the English claim to the colony and brings back 150 more colonists in 1587, this time including women and children
· Virginia Dare is the first European descendent born in the US
· Send the appointed governor back to England to explain their desperate situation; he leaves 115 of the original colonists, plus the new baby at Roanoke
· The Spanish Armada has just been defeated and tensions in the Atlantic were high, and they were unable to supply the colony
· The English return in 1589 to an abandoned Roanoke, with the word “Croatan” carved into a tree
· Don't know what happened, but all colonists disappeared. Starvation, disease, warfare, maybe integration into native culture |
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| English Explorer. Brought colonists and supplies to unsuccessful 1585 Roanoke colony. |
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| · Carved into the tree on Roanoke when the English returned to supply the colony in 1589, but all colonists had disappeared and settlement abandoned. |
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· Traveler and good leader
· Organizes and leads Virginia colony of Jamestown
· Gets captured by the Indians and is about to be beheaded when Pocahontas saves him
· They become good friends and he becomes close with the Indians
· He encouraged migration to the new English colonies in America with his exploration and accounts of the new territory |
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Definition
· Established 1607. Was America’s first permanent English colony.
· The requirements for the settlement of Jamestown were:
o Defensibility
o Trading focus
o Not heavily forested
o 100 miles from other English settlements
o Not wetland territory
104 survive the voyage. Good adventurers but bad workers. Weren’t committed to settling.
· In 1608 a ship arrives with more men, including John Smith (he leaves in 1609)
· De La Warr arrives with food, gets things in order, and gives people land rights (which gives them hope and purpose)
· Jamestown starts to succeed |
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· A period of starvation at Jamestown settlement between 1609-1610 in which 60 colonists died
· Lack of water and poor rain crippled the agriculture of the settlers, who had intended to be able to trade with natives and continue receiving English supplies to establish the colony and begin self sufficiency
· Ships arrived late with more colonists and no food |
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· Saves John Smith and they become friends
· Marries James Rolfe
· Daughter of Powhatan chief and aid to the Jamestown settlement |
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· Tobacco farmer and cultivator
· Developed better tobacco and ensures the future profit of the American colonies off the plant
· Started turning the colony into a profitable venture
Married Pocahontas |
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· First European settlements in 1634
· Was established with religious freedom for Catholics
· Like other Chesapeake Bay colonies, its economy was based on tobacco |
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| George and Cecilius Calvert |
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· George Calvert sought a suitable place for settlement and sought a new royal charter to settle the region (which would become the state of Maryland)
· Calvert died five weeks before the new charter was sealed, leaving the settlement of the Maryland colony to his son Cecilius
· Cecilius was a Catholic and promoted tolerance in the colony |
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Armed rebellion in 1676 of Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of William Berkeley
· Berkeley had failed to regard the colonist’s safety
· The rebellion was at first suppressed by merchant ships from London who sided with Berkeley, and government forces from England soon arrived to spend years defeating pockets of resistance and reforming the colonial government to be more directly under royal control
· It was the first rebellion of an American colony that discontented frontiersmen took part in
· About a thousand Virginians rose up in rebellion against him
· The immediate cause was his refusal to retaliate after a series of Indian attacks on frontier settlements |
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· Massachusetts, New England in 1620.
· Puritans get a charter from King to settle in America
· Religiously based (Puritans or Pilgrims or Protestants or Separatists
· Family was important
· Moral base, law and order
· Indians were friendly (Squanto)
· William Bradford (Mayor of Plymouth) leads voyage from Plymouth, England to America
· Arrive at Cape Cod, just outside their charter, but decide to settle there anyways
· Formerly an Indian village |
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| Plymouth Colony mayor. Was an English Separatist leader. Bradford is credited as the first civil authority to designate what popular American culture now views as Thanksgiving. |
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· Establishes government and allegiance to the King.
· Since the settlement was outside the Virginia Charter territory, they wanted to have their own liberty and established allegiance to the King
· It was essentially a social contract in which the settlers consented to follow the compact’s rules and regulations for the sake of survival |
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· Friendly native who helped the Pilgrims. They helped hunt and farm.
· As more people come, they move West and become increasingly unfriendly
· He was integral to Pilgrims' survival during the first winter
· Plymouth was the site of his former village
· Helped them as a guide and translator with other natives |
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| Massachusetts Bay Company (Charter) |
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· Massachusetts Bay Company Charter was a document declaring independence and establishing that they would govern themselves
· It said all landowners are free men
· Self government established in an English colony
· Colony with Economic focus.
· With growing interest and rapid growth, migration of 17 ships brought about a thousand people
· The Massachusetts Bay Company was a joint-stock English company with members including merchants and landed gentry. They received a charter from the crown
· The charter became the constitution of the colony |
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When a deity is officially recognized as a civil ruler of a government system and official policy is governed by officials regarded as divinely inspired.
· Applied to the political regimes at Massachusetts Bay
· Maintained separate systems of political and religious leadership, but both systems were mutually reinforcing and early leaders hoped every aspect of their society (family, church, etc.) would function piously and based on religious practice |
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| · Religious radical in the Colony of Rhode Island (1636) who advocated complete separation of church and state and wanted religious freedom |
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· Said that only the elect can hold office
· Destined for heaven
· Political threat
· Brought to trial and banished from the colony |
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· English arrived in 1624 and they took possession of it in the name of King James I
· In 1627 the first permanent settlers arrived
· The only Caribbean island that didn’t change hands during the colonial period
· Cultivation of indigo, tobacco, cotton and ginger by European indentured labor until the start of the sugar cane industry in the 1640s |
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· 17th century
· Society of Friends
· George Fox and Margaret Fell were the founders
· Men and women were equal so it appealed to everyone
· Believed everyone is born with an “inner light”
· They were antislavery, pacifists (seen as disloyal)
· Democratic, lack of organization, and considered “dangerous” |
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| · Was the transatlantic slave trade carrying slaves, manufactured goods and cash crops between West Africa, Caribbean and American colonies |
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· Spokesman for the Quakers
· Inherits a huge land grant from King Charles II in 1681
· Established colony (PENNsylvania)
· Advertizes the colony and brings people over
· Dies in 1718 as a broke man
· Pennsylvania was a political experiment
· He was fair, honest and just towards the Native Americans and tried not to cheat them out of land |
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| An attempt by the Quakers to establish their own colony in Pennsylvania. Were hoping to show the world that they could function independently. Conducted by William Penn |
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· Live in households and work
· Usually held five year contracts but the term varied
· Couldn’t marry or give birth
· Men sometimes given land or tools after completion of service
· Prominent in the Chesapeake colonies
· A form of debt bondage
· Because of the available land, it was hard to hire workers when they could easily start their own farms. Indentured servitude ensured they would have labor
- often sent over from Europe |
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| During colonial times, most plantations were pretty small. Cotton was the biggest industry, especially in the south. Slaves had knowledge of rice farming from Africa so they were especially helpful on rice farms in colonies. Many children of masters grew up alongside slave children/were raised by slave women |
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| Farming/agricultural villages in Spanish settlements. Small towns |
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| Religious settlements in California by Friars and Franciscans. San Diego mission established 1769. Santa Clara mission established 1777. Often places where they tried to force Christianity on natives |
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| Were the military forts on Spanish settlements. |
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| Native peoples which inhabited area where LA is today. Population of 10,000. By 1880s were completely wiped out. |
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| 1680s-1692. Salem Witch trials. Men, women, children alike charged for committing acts of "witchcraft". Was a way to get rid of people. Put 19 people to death. |
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| Early 18th century through late 19th century. Period of religious revival led by evangelical protestant ministers. |
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· Driven by the belief that the human mind could be expanded in knowledge, doing away with superstition and ignorance
· By embracing science, reason, human rights, morality and nature helped expand the mind and arrive at the true nature of being
· Some roots were in Franklin returning from France with Enlightenment ideals
· Education became important, and universities were established
· Harvard founded 1636, Yale in 1701 |
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· One of America’s greatest theologians and intellectuals
· The Enlightenment was central to his mindset
· He played a critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening and oversaw some of the first revivals of the church |
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| 1612-1680. First American poet. Wrote very personal poems: "to my unborn child", one about her house burning down, "to my dear and loving husband" |
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· A series of English laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies
They wanted to force colonial development into lines favorable for the English
First in the series of "acts" imposed by English government on colonies |
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| 1706-1790. Known for scientific research and inventions. Helped secure an alliance with Paris in 1777 and helped negotiate Treaty of Paris in 1783. Represented Pennsylvania in Constitutional Convention |
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| Virginia Plan/Madison Plan |
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| A proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislature. Hamilton and Madison advocated a federal, centralized government and “federalism”. Madison came up with a detailed plan to establish government. It sets up an upper and lower house of government. It is famous for it’s idea of population based representation. It called for executive, legislative and judicial branches of power in the government. |
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| Created by Jefferson which compromised Virginia and Madison's plans. Retained bicameral legislature, along with proportional representation in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states (each state having 2 representatives) |
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| Mostly written by James Madison. Ultimately said that power lies with the people. Bill of rights established rights of citizens. Went into affect 1789. |
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| Established that the three powers (executive, legislative, and judicial) had power over checks and balances. Each was responsible for "checking" that each branch was in "balance" with the other branches. |
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| First political power. Ended in 1801. Party was formed by Alexander Hamilton. Called for a national bank and good relations with Britain. Fashioned a strong new government with sound fiscal policies and shaped Supreme Court |
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Began as anti-slavery "Whigs".
Considered the voice of the people. Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. |
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