Term
| How did tribes form in the Americas? |
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Definition
| Over 15,000 years ago humans arrived in the Americas after the last Ice Age. As nomadic hunting groups learned to farm they formed distinct tribes. |
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| How did tribes remain distinct while being interconnected? |
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Definition
| Tribes remained distinct by specializing in techniques that were necessary for their distinct geographic regions. Yet, they constantly traded with other tribes which formed a large, trade network. |
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Term
| How were tribes categorized? |
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Definition
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Term
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| Chinook, Haida, and other tribes spanned the Pacific coast from Alaska to California. Survived primarily off of fish. Known for totem poles and other supernatural art forms. |
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Definition
| Chumash and Pomo lived in small villages of about one hundred people. They specialized in processing acorns, which were one of the region’s many abundant resources. |
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| the dominant Anasazi tribe—known for their elaborate cliff dwellings—mastered irrigation and farming. By the civilization’s peak in the twelfth century, some village populations topped 1,000. A system of roads connected many of these villages, and it seems likely that Anasazi trade networks extended as far as northern Mesoamerica |
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Term
| Where and Why did the Anasazi tribe disperse? |
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Definition
| They dispersed probably due to drought, depletion of resources or warfare. They spread throughout the Southwest. Descendants, such as the Hopi and Zuni, are known as Pueblo tribes. Pueblo tribes migrated from the north around the fourteenth century, farmed along rivers using advanced irrigation techniques, foraged for food, and mined turquoise for trade with Mexico. |
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Term
| Great Basin, Plateau Tribes |
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Definition
| The Paiute, Shoshone, and Ute tribes made their home in the Great Basin, between the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the west and the Rockies to the east. This land, too dry for farming, gave rise to foraging bands who hunted small mammals and gathered seeds and nuts. Other tribes inhabited the Plateau—a high, flat expanse to the north of the Great Basin—and lived as food gatherers, picking berries, seeds, and roots. |
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| The Cheyenne, Sioux, and other tribes hunted in the Great Plains, which extended from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River. The Plains were largely uninhabited before the arrival of Columbus. When Europeans brought horses and guns into the Plains, the tribes developed into powerful hunting groups. |
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| The Iroquois tribes, known as the Five Nations, controlled the Northeast. The Cherokee and other tribes inhabited the Southeast; the Fox, Chee, and others lived around the Great Lakes; and the Mississippian culture dominated the Mississippi flood plains. While all these Eastern Woodlands tribes hunted, many were skilled in agriculture, employing the “slash and burn” technique and crop rotation to manage their land for food production. These tribes are also known for their skill with crafts and their well-developed trading networks. |
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Term
| What were Mississippian Tribes known for? |
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Definition
| They were skilled in small-scale architecture. Known as “mound builders,” they built large platform mounds at the center of their towns, which served as religious temples for ceremony or burial, or as the homes of tribal leaders. |
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| formed rich and powerful civilizations in Mesoamerica, south of the present-day United States. The ancient Aztecs (centered near Mexico City) are known for their architecture, which includes stone pyramids. The Maya of Central America are also known for their architecture, as well as their advanced astronomy, mathematics, calendar systems, and for developing their own form of writing. The Incas, based in Peru, built an extensive network of towns throughout the Andes. |
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Term
| How did power shift from Spain to England in the New World? |
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Definition
| England defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, the balance of power in the New World (and in Europe) shifted. After initial hardship in the colonies, English settlements showed the New World could bring profit and offered religious freedom. A quick buildup of colonial settlements began along the east coast of North America and continued through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. |
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Term
| What economic policy did England originally have for settlers of the New World? |
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Definition
| A mercantilist economic policy, England created laws ensuring that its colonies existed primarily to enrich the mother country. England did not enforce these laws too strictly, employing a policy of “salutary neglect,” for fear of alienating the colonists and thereby helping France’s interests in the New World. |
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Term
| Why and When did England end "salutary neglect"? |
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Definition
| After the 1763 French and Indian War, England no longer worried about France as a threat, but faced huge war debts. England believed the colonies should bear the brunt of the debt because the war was for their benefit. England ended salutary neglect to the colonist’s dismay and anger. |
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Term
| How did colonists feel about the tax implemented by the British? |
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Definition
| Colonists felt they were being taxed without representation in government. The British felt the colonists were getting the benefits of English citizenship without paying the taxes required. |
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Term
| How did colonists' view of English imposed government change? |
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Definition
| Colonists felt the British were denying them their natural rights, as described by John Locke and other Enlightenment thinkers. As revolution became more likely, many colonists hoped to implement a government independent of the British crown and based on Enlightenment ideals. |
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Term
| What were the demographics of early Jamestown? How did their ventures work out? |
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Definition
| The 105 original Jamestown colonists were all men. Jamestown was a business venture, not a place to raise a family. The colonists took this ethic to heart and focused all their efforts on getting rich, neglecting to tend to any sort of agriculture. As a result, more than half of the colonists died of undernourishment and starvation within the first year. Only 38 colonists remained when reinforcements arrived in 1608. |
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Term
| Describe the significance for tobacco for the growth of Jamestown? |
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Definition
| Jamestown had the perfect climate for growing tobacco. John Rolfe, an Englishman who married the Powhatan leader’s daughter, Pocahontas, introduced to the colony West Indian tobacco, a salable strain with many advantages over local varieties. From 1616 to 1619, Jamestown’s tobacco exports grew nearly twenty-fold. Sensing the possibility for great profit, the Virginia Company dispatched money and supplies and awarded land grants to anyone able to pay for his own passage to Jamestown, or for the passage of another laborer. |
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Term
| What was the House of Burgesses? |
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Definition
| The House of Burgesses was the first representative government in the New World, though its power was limited because the Virginia Company could still overrule its actions. |
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Term
| What were the demographics of the Plymouth Plantation? |
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Definition
| These colonists agreed to send lumber, fish, and fur back to England for seven years before they could assume ownership of the land. Most of these settlers were Separatists from England, who wanted to separate from the Anglican Church (the Church of England). These Separatists had originally left England for the Netherlands to escape religious persecution. |
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Term
| Difference between Puritans and Separatists? |
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Definition
| Separatists renounced the Church of England and established their own self-governing congregations. Among the Separatist groups are Pilgrims, Quakers, and Baptists. Separatists are distinct from Puritans, who originally wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church without separating from it. |
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Term
| What was the significance of the Mayflower compact? |
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Definition
the Separatists who came to the New World were called, insisted that all males sign the Mayflower Compact, which established the colony of Plymouth Plantation as a “civil body politic” under the sovereignty of James I of England.
The Mayflower Compact is often described as America’s first example of true self-government. |
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Term
| What were the demographics of the Massachusetts Bay Colony? |
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Definition
| the Puritans struck a deal with the English government, under which the Puritans would leave England and settle north of the Plymouth Plantation on the condition that they would have political control of their colony. The Puritans wanted their colony to be a theocracy, and emphasized religion over trade. |
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Term
| What was the John Winthrop's view of the Massachusetts Bay Colony? |
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Definition
| the Puritans struck a deal with the English government, under which the Puritans would leave England and settle north of the Plymouth Plantation on the condition that they would have political control of their colony. The Puritans wanted their colony to be a theocracy, and emphasized religion over trade. |
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Term
| How was leadership divided in the Massachusetts Bay Colony? |
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Definition
| The Massachusetts Bay Colony operated according to a system called congregationalism, in which each independent church congregation served as the center of a community’s political and social life. Only those individuals with good standing in the church could participate in government. |
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Term
| Significance of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson |
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Definition
| Some Massachusetts dissenters who went on to found new settlements in New England: Roger Williams (Providence, RI), Anne Hutchinson (Portsmouth, RI and Pelham Bay, NY). |
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Definition
Only English or English colonial ships could carry cargo between imperial ports.
Certain goods, including tobacco, rice, and furs, could not be shipped to foreign nations except through England or Scotland.
The English Parliament would pay “bounties” to Americans who produced certain raw goods, while raising protectionist tariffs on the same goods produced in other nations.
Americans could not compete with English manufacturers in large-scale manufacturing. |
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Term
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Definition
Trade routes linked the American Colonies, West Indies, Africa, and England. Each port provided shippers with a payoff and a new cargo. New England rum was shipped to Africa and traded for slaves, which were brought to the West Indies and traded for sugar and molasses, which went back to New England. Other raw goods were shipped from the colonies to England, where they were swapped for a cargo of manufactured goods.
Hurt Southern colonies by drastically lower tobacco prices. |
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Term
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Definition
| The New England colonies spanned modern-day Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. New England’s economy centered on small farming, fishing, and home manufactures, as well as sea trade and shipbuilding. The region quickly expanded as immigrants streamed in and families grew. Puritan communities were close-knit, and because all followers of God were expected to read the Bible, they placed great emphasis on education. |
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Term
| How did religion play a part in the New England Colonies? |
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Definition
| Religion dominated all aspects of life in New England. In order to vote or hold office, a person had to be a member in good standing of the church. Religious dissenters were subjected to public spectacle or banishment |
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Term
| How was the relationship between New England and its mother country? |
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Definition
| There was a tradition of antagonism between New England and the mother country. After years of increasing acrimony, Charles’ successor, James II, revoked the Massachusetts Bay charter in 1685 and established the Dominion of New England, which unified all of New England under one royal governor. However, when the 1688 Glorious Revolution in England replaced James II with the Protestants William and Mary, angry colonists forced the royal governor to return to England. By 1691, the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter was reinstated. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Middle Colonies included New York and New Jersey, and later Pennsylvania. England took control of New York and New Jersey (then called New Amsterdam and New Sweden, respectively) from the Dutch in 1664. New York was made a royal province in 1685, and New Jersey in 1702. Both colonies were governed by a royal governor and a general assembly. Economically, the colonies relied on grain production, shipping, and fur trading with the local Native Americans. |
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Term
| What is the significance of the Quakers? |
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Definition
| The Quakers had long been discriminated against in the Americas and England for their religious beliefs and their refusal to bear arms. Seeking religious freedom, Quakers, Mennonites, Amish, Moravians, Baptists, and others flocked to the new colony. Pennsylvania soon became economically prosperous, in part because of the industrious Quaker work ethic. By the 1750s, Pennsylvania’s capital, Philadelphia, had become the largest city of the colonies with a population of 20,000. |
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Term
| Southern Colonies demographics |
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Definition
| Virginia, centered in Jamestown, dominated the Southern colonies, which included the Chesapeake colonies, Maryland, and the Carolinas. The region was more religiously and ethnically diverse than the Middle or New England colonies, harboring immigrants from all over Europe, many Roman Catholics (especially in Maryland), and a large number of African slaves. In the South, families were smaller than in other regions because adult men far outnumbered women. Men, after all, were needed to work on the region’s massive plantations. |
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Term
| Indentured Servitude and its effects? |
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Definition
| Plantations drew many immigrants to the Chesapeake region during the seventeenth century through the institution of indentured servitude. Indentured servants were adult men, mostly white, who bound themselves to labor on plantations for a fixed number of years until they earned their freedom and, with it, a small plot of land. However, once free, indentured servants still had to struggle to survive, and conflict arose between the freed servants and the increasingly powerful plantation owners. |
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Definition
| 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, an impoverished nobleman, accused the royal governor of Virginia of failing to protect the less wealthy farmers from Native American raids. Bacon led a group of about 300 farmers and indiscriminately attacked the Native Americans. The royal governor branded him a rebel, and Bacon led his men to Jamestown, where he occupied, looted, and burned the city while demanding political reforms. Bacon died suddenly the same year, abruptly terminating the rebellion, but tensions between rich and poor remained. |
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Term
| How did slavery begin in the south? |
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Definition
| Black slaves were increasingly brought to the Southern colonies during the late 1600s to support an economy based on massive cash crops like tobacco, rice, and eventually cotton. By 1660, slavery was officially recognized by law. |
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Term
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Definition
| In eighteenth-century Europe, the intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment championed the principles of rationalism and logic, while the Scientific Revolution worked to demystify the natural world. Upper-class Americans, including many of the colonists who would eventually lead the American Revolution, were heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideas and embraced reason and science, viewing with skepticism any beliefs that could not be proven by clear logic or experiment. Religion was a prime target for Enlightenment thinkers. The American most representative of Enlightenment ideals was Benjamin Franklin, who devoted his life to intellectual pursuits. Franklin published Poor Richard’s Almanac, a collection of proverbs, in 1732. He created the American Philosophical Society in 1743. |
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Term
| The First Great Awakening |
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Definition
| 1730s and 1740s saw a broad movement of religious fervor called the First Great Awakening. During this time, revival ministers stressed the emptiness of material comfort, the corruption of human nature, and the need for immediate repentance lest individuals incur divine fury. These revivalists, such as Jonathan Edwards and the Englishman George Whitefield, stressed that believers must rely on their own conscience to achieve an inner emotional understanding of religious truth. Jonathan Edwards gave an impassioned sermon called “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” in which he proclaimed that man must save himself by immediately repenting his sins. |
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Term
| How did the Great Enlightenment divide American Protestants? |
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Definition
| pitting the revivalists, or “New Lights,” against the “Old Lights”—established ministers happy with the status quo. This division resulted in the formation of many new religious congregations and sects, and the founding of universities such as Princeton, Columbia, Brown, and Dartmouth to accommodate revivalist teachings. |
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Term
| The Beginnings of the French Indian War |
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Definition
| Soon after the Albany meeting, the French and Indian War broke out, pitting England against France and its Native American allies. This war paralleled the Seven Years War in Europe (1756–1763). England held a great advantage in men and supplies, yet in the first two years the cunning guerrilla tactics of the French and their allies resulted in numerous humiliating losses for the English. |
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Term
| How did Prime Minister William Pitt turn the tables on the French Indian War? |
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Definition
| England righted itself and pushed France out of the Ohio Valley and into Canada. In 1759, English forces captured Quebec, effectively ending the war in North America. Under the Treaty of Paris (1763), Britain gained all of the land in North America east of the Mississippi. |
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Term
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Definition
| Benjamin Franklin submitted the Albany Plan, which called for the colonies to unify in the face of French and Native American threats. The Albany Plan, remarkable for its attempt to establish a unified colonial government, won the support of the delegates but was rejected by the colonies, who were not yet ready for union. British officials did not push for the union because they were wary of the powerful colonial entity it would create. |
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| Colonists and many British observers were outraged at the breach of what had been considered traditional English liberties. Writs of assistance allowed officials to enter and ransack private homes and ships without proving probable cause for suspicion, a customary prerequisite for any search in England. |
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