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| the gradual shift from hunting and gathering to cultivating basic food crops that occurred world wide from 7000-9000 years ago |
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| the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americans from first contact throughout the era of exploration |
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| 16th century Spanish adventurers, often noble of birth, who subdued the Native Americans and created the Spanish empire in the New World |
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| treaty negotiated by the Pope in 1494 that divided the world along the north-south line in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, granting the Spanish all lands west of the line and Portugal lands east of the land |
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| an explorative system by Spanish rulers that granted conquistadors control of North American villages and their inhabitants' labor |
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| 16th century religious movement to reform and challenge the spiritual authority of the Roman Catholic Church |
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| replacement of James II by William III and Mary II as English monarchs in 1668, making the beginning of constitutional monarchy in Britain |
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| business enterprise that enabled investors to pool money for commerce and funding for colonies |
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| the elective representative assembly in colonial Virginia |
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| system of land distribution in which settlers were granted a 50-acre plot of land from the colonial government for each servant or dependent they transported to the New World. Encouraged the recruitment of large servile labor force. |
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| persons who agreed to serve a master for a set number of years in exchange for the cost of transport to America. The dominant form of labor in the Chesapeake colonies before slaves. |
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| agreement among the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 to create a civil government at Plymouth Colony |
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| members of a reformed Protestant sect in Europe and America that insisted on removing all vestiges of Catholicism from religious practice |
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| religious belief rejecting traditional moral law as unnecessary for Christians who possess saving grace and affirming that a person would experience divine revelation and salvation without the assistance of formally trained clergy |
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| members of a radical religious group, formally known as the Society of Friends, that rejects formal theology and stress each person's "inner light," a spiritual guide to righteousness |
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| an economic theory that shaped imperial policy throughout the colonial period, mercantilism assumed that the supply of wealth was fixed. To increase its wealth, a nation needed to export more goods than it imported. Favorable trade and protective economic policies and colonial possessions rich in raw materials were important in achieving this balance |
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| raw materials, such as tobacco, sugar, and rice, that were produced in the British colonies and under the Navigation Acts had to be shipped only to England or its colonies |
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| commercial restrictions that regulated colonial commerce to favor England's accumulation of wealth |
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| an armed rebellion in Virginia (1675-1676) led by Nathaniel Bacon against the colony's royal governor, Sir William Berkeley. Although some of his followers called for an end to special privilege in government, Bacon was chiefly interested in gaining a larger share of the lucrative Indian trade |
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| In the Salem witch trials, the court allowed reports of dreams and visions in which the accused appeared as the devil's agent to be introduced as testimony. The accused had no defense against this kind of "evidence." When the judges later disallowed this testimony, the executions for witchcraft ended |
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| in the 18th century, the edge of settlement extending from western Pennsylvanian to Georgia. This region formed the second frontier as settlers moved west from the Atlantic coast into the interior |
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