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| Passed by Congress in 1890, it was an early attempt to try to control abuses by large combinations of businesses called trusts. It generally outlawed combinations of companies that acted in restraint of free trade. |
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| Young Scottish immigrant who became the owner of America's largest steelmaking corporation in the late 1800s. Largely self-educated, Carnegie worked his way up a series of jobs as America was becoming an industrial giant in the Gilded Age. |
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| The businessman who started the Standard Oil trust in 1882, and used it to gain control over most of the nation's oil business in the Gilded Age. His methods also included crooked deals with railroads and price wars, all designed to drive competitors out of business. |
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| a town or city in which much or all real estate, buildings, utilities, hospitals, grocery stores and gas stations, and other necessities within its borders are owned by a single company. |
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| Bargaining where groups of workers are able to negotiate with management on issues such as pay and working conditions with the idea that together they have more bargaining power than individually. |
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| The hearing of a dispute by an impartial third party agreed to by both parties used to settle disputes between the Employer and the workers. |
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| A tool used by Company owners to ensure that protesting workers will not be able to find work elsewhere. |
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| A tool used against protesting workers, where the company would lock up the factory for the day, making strikes useless. |
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| someone who works (or provides workers) during a strike |
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| a judicial order issued in order to prohibit workers from continuing a strike. |
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| The most famous of the labor unions that grew in the Gilded Age to fight for better pay and conditions for factory workers. The AFL was formed in 1881 by Samuel Gompers, a poor Jewish immigrant in New York City. The AFL was only for skilled laborers. |
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| The Knights of Labor was the first major American labor union. It was first formed in 1869 as a secret society of garment cutters in Philadelphia.The Haymarket Riot in Chicago on May 4, 1886 was blamed on the Knights of Labor, and the union was discredited in the eyes of the public. |
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| A battle between police & workmen (Haymarket Square Riot) on May 4, 1886, following a demonstration for the eight-hour workday. A bomb was thrown into the middle of the crowd and killed and wounded several men. |
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| Debs led a strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company, which was owned by George Pullman and located in Pullman, Illinois, a company town in which nearly all residents worked for Pullman. He was put on trial without a jury and was sentenced to six months in jail. |
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| From 1850 to 1882, around 100,000 Chinese men came to the U.S. to search for gold and to help lay railroad tracks. After violent anti-Chinese riots in the Western states, the federal government passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, cutting back Chinese immigration. This act and other exclusionary legislation remained in force until 1943. |
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| a type of apartment building common in big cities starting in the mid 1800s. They were often poorly built and overcrowded. Many were created by dividing up floors and even rooms of large houses. As a result, not all units had water or toilets. Even in new tenements, these facilities were usually in a hallway shared by many families. |
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| a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially justice, inequality, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, weak labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. |
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| a crusader against urban slum conditions. Beginning in 1890 with the publication of How the Other Half Lives, he became New York's "most useful citizen." In the 1900s he no longer wrote or photographed for the newspapers but continued to publish books, including The Battle of the Slum (1902) and Children of the Tenements (1903). |
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| a Chicago woman whose work in the neighborhoods of that city led to important reforms nationwide in efforts to help the poor. She is famous for establishing Hull House in 1889 as a kind of community center in a slum section of Chicago. It offered advice and classes for immigrants trying to adjust to American life, and its success led to the creation of settlement houses in other cities. |
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| the establishment of "settlement houses" in poor urban areas, in which volunteer middle-class "settlement workers" would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture with, and alleviate the poverty of, their low-income neighbors. |
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| A period in American history during the 1870s characterized by political corruption and materialism. |
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| A group of people in New York City who worked with and for Burly "Boss" Tweed. |
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| (September 27, 1840 – December 7, 1902) A famous artist known for his political cartoons. One of his cartoons of "Boss Tweed" led to him being recognized and arrested in Spain. |
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| a movement to abolish the spoils or patronage system in politics, and make appointments as clerks, and other minor Federal offices, rest on competency, and have promotions go by merit. |
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| the federal government's central civil service law, was written by Dorman B. Eaton, sponsored by Sen. George H. Pendleton of Ohio, and forced through Congress by public opinion. The act aimed to reform the spoils system by eliminating many political appointments in favor of jobs only awarded to candidates who met predetermined uniform standards of merit. |
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| a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries |
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| Excessive patriotism or aggressive nationalism especially with regards to foreign policy. |
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| the transaction in 1867 in which the United States Secretary of State William Henry Seward purchased Alaska from Russia. |
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| a type of journalism that downplays legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers |
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| a war between the United States and Spain in 1898. |
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| the lead ship of her class of battleships, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named in honor of the 23rd state. |
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| (December 26, 1837 - January 16, 1917) a United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War |
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| Rough Riders is a 1997 three hour television miniseries about Theodore Roosevelt and the regiment (the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry; aka the Rough Riders). The series chronicles the major land battles of the Spanish-American War of 1898. |
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| (December 10, 1898) ended the Spanish-American War |
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| An amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, enacted on April 19, 1898, in reply to President William McKinley's War Message. It placed a condition of the United States military in Cuba. According to the clause, the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people." |
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| A rider appended to the Army Appropriations Act presented to the U.S. Senate by Connecticut Republican Senator Orville H. Platt (1827-1905) replacing the earlier Teller Amendment. The Amendment ensured U.S. involvement in Cuban affairs, both foreign and domestic, and gave legal standing to U.S. claims to certain economic and military territories on the island including Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. |
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| a ship canal which joins the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific ocean. One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, it had an enormous impact on shipping between the two oceans. |
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| a substantial amendment to the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserted a right of the United States to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts. |
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| (June 5, 1878 – July 20, 1923), better known as Pancho Villa, was one of the most prominent Mexican Revolutionary generals. |
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| (April 29, 1863 - August 14, 1951) was an American newspaper magnate and leading newspaper publisher. |
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