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| The cotton gin processed large amounts of cotton and increased the demand for slaves. It was invented by Eli Whitney. It affected many Southern planters. It was invented in 1793 and it spread into the early 1800s. The cotton gin cleaned cotton faster so plantations grew. the Southern economy became dependent on cotton |
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| The US was having disputes with Britain over the borders in the North so they signed the Webster-Asburton Treaty to agree on boundaries around Maine and the Great Lakes |
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| Americans believed they had a manifest destiny to settle and civilize the West |
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| Congress made a line and those beneath the line were allowed to have slaves and the area North of the line slavery was banned |
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| The American System was invented by Henry Clay and was adopted by the Democratic-Republicans after the War of 1812. There was a Second Bank of the US, we had Protective tariffs and internal improvements. |
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| The Adam-Onis Treaty was signed in 1819. It aquired Florida and Oregon from Spain. |
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| The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 warned European powers not to interfere with independent nations of the Western Hemisphere. |
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| The Era of Good Feelings was the time period right after the War of 1812. Everyone was very patriotic and proud of standing up to Britain for a second time and everyone was together. If you were a Federalists you ran as a Democratic-Republican so everybody was of the same party and together. |
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| Right after the Era of God Feelings sections emerged. Tariffs helped Northern business owners but restricted the Southern economy. |
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| Missouri Compromise of 1820 |
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| The new states would change the balance of power so this compromise was passed. The new state Missouri was a slave state and the new state Maine was a free state. The new states North of the 36 degrees 30 parallel would be free but the states South of that line would be slave states. |
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| Invented the mechanical reaper. The reaper made it easier to harvest wheat and that increased settlement in the West. |
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| Because of the cotton gin the South processed cotton faster than ever making it known for cotton. Therefore it was called the Cotton Kingdom. |
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| John Deere invented the steel plow. This new invention made it possible to plant in hard soil.This increased settlement and slavery in the West |
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| During the industrial revolution people began using machines instead of manual labor. These machines were powered by coal and steam and worked faster than somebody doing the job by hand. |
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| Interchangeable parts was introduced by Eli Whitney. This simplifies production because each part could be easily replaced. |
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| Factories in the North used cheap immigrant labor, but people in the US felt like the immigrants took jobs from citizens. Nativism opposed further immigration. |
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| The Erie Canal connected NYC to the Great Lakes. It made NYC a commercial center and enabled manufactured goods to travel westward. |
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| Invented the steamboat which increased movement and trade across the Erie Canal and Mississippi River. |
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| Invented the telegraph machines that united the continent with instant communication. No more waiting for months to receive a letter. This increased the speed of business. |
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| He was an American author and transcendentalist that didn't like the fact that machines controlled our lives. He thought that we should question things instead of just taking them for granted.He wrote a book called "Self Reliance" in which he expressed his opinion about it. |
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| He was a close friend of Emerson's. He too was a transcendentalist. He lived in a shack near a lake by himself for two years and he says that if you can do that then you are self reliant. He believed that civil disobedience is what inspires protests. he refused to pay taxes to support the war and was thrown into jail for a day. He wrote "Waldon's Pond" and inspired many great leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. |
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| He wrote dark and dreary books that are like mysteries. He kind of made fun of transcendentalists and called the "frogpondians". He wrote "The Raven" and "The Tell-Tale Heart". He was one of the first authors to mass market his books to make money. |
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| She starts to visit mentally ill people in hospitals and begins to write about the bad conditions there. She says that the mentally ill are still human beings and that they need to be treated that way. There are many hospitals named after her today. |
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| He increased public education. He said that in a democracy everyone should have access to education because in a democracy if your not educated it won't work. He says that the economy would suffer. He helped poor people get education and made sure that all the schools are teaching the same thong so everybody has the same opportunities. |
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| She was very active in the anti-slavery act. She went to anti-slavery convention in London and was forced to sit behind a curtain and was not allowed to speak. She met with other ladies at a place called Seneca Falls and made a declaration of sentiments. The women included a list of grievances against men. Back then women didn't have rights to their own children, they didn't own any money or property and they didn't have the right to vote. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was one of the women responsible for the first wave of feminism. |
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| She works a lot with the women's right movement and also against slavery. She wrote a speech called "Ain't I a Woman?" She was an excellent speaker and went across the country fighting for the rights of black women. She said that black women had a disadvantage because they are women, and they are black. |
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| She pushed for women's rights, but her main thing was the temperance movement. The temperance movement wanted people to temper their use of alcohol, and to keep it under control. Susan B. Anthony didn't want people to drink at all. She believed that it hurt society and made people crazy. This is connected to women's rights because men would spend all their money at bars and then abuse their wife and children. |
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| Was one of our first abolitionist. He wrote a news paper called the liberator. His one goal was to liberate the slaves. He was a very good speaker and writer. He believed that slavery should be abolished no matter what happened. At one of his protests he burned a copy of the constitution to make a point. That even the constitution was a little to blame for slavery and that nothing was as important as ending slavery. |
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| He was a slave in the South and his mistress taught him how to read and write. He escaped from the South and made his way to England where he was involved with ending slavery. He wrote a famous book called "Slave Narratives" that opened up the eyes to many people about how slaves where treated. He was inspired by William Lloyd Garrison and published a news paper called The North Star. |
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| Angelina and Elizabeth Grimke where daughters of a slave owner in South Carolina. They had a first hand account of what happened to slaves. They ran away to the North and became Quakers and they told people about their life experiences on the plantation. |
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| David Walker was a free black man in the North. He wrote an appeal to all the colored citizens of the world saying that slaves should rise up and rebel even if it meant having a bloody revolution. That the time of waiting was over. He was a tailor and he would sew copies of these pamphlets into suit jackets to sneak them out. |
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| He was the first leader of the Mormons. He says that he was approached by an angel who gave him a golden tablet. he transcribed the tablets and came up with a new religion called Mormon. He says that men need to have more than one wife to create big families to have a large community. He believes that the more children you have the more you are serving God. Many christians in the East are not happy with this so he keeps moving West. He was murdered by a mob in Illinois. |
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| After Joseph Smith dies, Brigham Young takes over the Mormons and led them to Salt Lake City, Utah. They now have a huge community there today. |
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| The 19th century doctrine hat westward expansion of the US was not only destined, but a God-given right. |
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| After the War of 1812 there was a great unity of all people. There was only one party and everyone was proud of beating the British for a second time. |
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| When the nation experienced its first economic depression. This was right after the “Feeling of Good Era” and the unity faded and sections emerged. Tariffs helped Northern business but restricted Southern economy. |
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| The court casing ruling that extended federal power by creating a broad definition of commerce and by asserting the supremacy of federal law over state. The national bank was constitutional. |
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Gibbons v. Ogden
In this 1824 case Marshall rejected a steamboat monopoly granted by NYC. The monopoly threatened the business of a steamboat operator who had run a service between New Jersey and New York. Marshall ruled that steamboat traffic was “commerce” and that the power to regulate commerce involving more than one state-interstate commerce-belonged to the federal government. |
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| John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson where both running for president. It was a tied election and Henry Clay convinced Congress to vote for Adams. Adams announced that Clay would be Secretary of State. Jackson protested that the election was a “corrupt bargain” that Clay helped get Adams elected in return for the cabinet position. |
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| This tariff had been designed by members of Congress to promote American industry and to embarrass President Adams and ensure a Jackson victory in that year’s presidential election. Adams signed this tariff reluctantly and it did help bring about his defeat in 1828. |
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| Andrew Jackson was elected in 1828. He pushed for “universal manhood suffrage” white males were no longer required to have property to vote. Jackson appointed friends and supporters to high positions of government. He claimed that average men should run their own government. This became known as the spoils system. The Dem-Reps split and the Jackson supporters became Democrats and his opponents became Whigs. |
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| John C. Calhoun and his supporters expected Jackson to reject a protective tariff, he did modify the tariff rates, but not enough to satisfy Calhoun. In 1832 SC legislatures nullified the protective tariff and prohibited the collection of federal tariff duties in SC after February 1, 1833. The state threatened to succeed from the Union if the federal government employed force against SC. Calhoun published the Exposition and protest arguing that states could refuse to enforce unconstitutional laws. |
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| Noah Webster was the first to compile a dictionary of the American language. |
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| He wrote stories about adventures, high seas or the wild wild west. He was the author of “The last of the Mohicans” and “Leatherstocking Tales” |
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| Oregon settlers clash at the northern border. Polk campaigns in 1844 promising to expand the US birder to present-day Alaska. 54-40 or fight is the slogan that people chanted until Britain compromises at the 49th parallel. |
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| The US still had major disputes with Britain over borders in the North. In 1842 both countries signed the Webster-Ashburton Treaty to agree on boundaries around Maine and the Great Lakes. |
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| The question of whether or not the US should annex Texas became a major debate in the Election of 1844. Northerners and abolitionists did not want Texas to join as a slave state. James Polk, a firm supporter of ‘manifest destiny” won the election and Texas was annexed by Congress as a state in 1845. |
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| In 1830, Congress and President Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act forcing the Choctow, Creek and Cherokee nations across the Mississippi River to ‘Indian Territory” in Oklahoma. By 1850, Congress would pass more laws to restrict American Indian movement to smaller reservations. |
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| The trail the Indians used on the journey to Oklahoma. Thousands of Indians died making this trip when promised government assistance did not show up. |
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| Georgia abolished tribal rule and claimed jurisdiction over Cherokee lands. Gold had been discovered and this caused a gold rush. Planters wanted to spread into Cherokee territory. The Supreme Court ruled that states could not interfere with federal India treaties. The federal government had a duty to honor those treaties. |
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| The factory system in the North relied on the lower classes and immigrants to move to cities and work in the industrial factories. They made these people work long hours for very little pay. The work was also dangerous. |
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| Jackson believed the national bank existed only to “aid the rich and powerful” so he ordered all treasury funds to be removed from the US bank and placed into “pet banks” to give states more power over the economy. Economic chaos led to the panic of 1837. Thousands of planters and farmers lost their land, those who kept their jobs their wages dropped by 30 percent. This was the worst depression suffered by Americans to that date. |
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| Because of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin the South was nicknamed the “cotton kingdom” they became dependent on the plantation system which is where they used slaves to work on the plantation for no pay, and very poor conditions. |
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| The Know-Nothings were a secret society that began electing state officials to ban immigration. They where called the Know-Nothings because anytime they were asked questions about if they knew anything about this group they would say that they didn’t know anything about it. |
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| She was an abolitionist who believed that women should be allowed to join the men’s business meetings. She was a reformer who supported the temperance cause. She helped found the American Anti-slavery Society ad the Philadelphia Female Ant-Slavery Society. |
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| Oregon trail was the trail that wagon trains took to get to the West. It turned Northwest at South Pass to reach Oregon Country. |
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| Mexico considered annexation a declaration of war. Negotiation broke down and a skirmish broke out over the Rio Grande border. The US defeated the Mexican army in 1848. |
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| He was a Cherokee Indian that developed an alphabet for the Cherokee language. |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo |
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| In this treaty Mexico handed over the Southwest territory known as the Mexican Cession. Now the US had control of the land to the Pacific Ocean. |
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| Throughout the war David Wilmot had introduced bills, known as the Wilmot Proviso in an unsuccessful attempt to ban slavery in any lands acquired from Mexico. |
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| Neoclassical Architecture |
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| This is like the old time Greek and Rome architecture. It makes a statement. Greek and Rome are the two civilizations that experimented with Democracy. The Lincoln memorial is designed like a Greek temple. |
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| During the Second Great Awakening people became very religious. They went to revivals, which is when you go out to the country and set up tents and huge crowds go to see preachers. The crowds get very excited. Charles Finney was one of the famous teachers of the second great awakening. He believes in perfectionism. He believes we should try to create a perfect place here on earth and that we don’t have to wait to go to Heaven. He also believes that slavery is wrong and should be dealt with. |
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| One example of a Utopian society is Brook Farm. It is a community based on philosophy and a system like socialism. Everybody works together and everybody shares everything. |
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| People who follow the literary and philosophical movement based on finding spiritual reality through nature and consciousness of self |
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| He is a transcendentalist that believes that evil and sin is a part of human nature and that we shouldn’t try to get rid of it all the time. He believes that we try so hard to make our society perfect that we mess if up in the long run. He also believes jails and prisons just make society worse. |
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| He was a NYC writer. He gathered together a group of writers and created the Knicker Boppers School. He was the first author to become very popular and wrote a lot of books. Europe started to respect us and begin buying our books. He is famous for making Gotham. Imaginary city like New York. He is also famous for writing about Christmas the way we celebrate it today. He wrote “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle” |
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| A vast wilderness full of natural resources. This is what inspired transcendentalists. A place so beautiful it seemed like God Himself was there. |
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| Dorothea Dix visited mentally ill people in prison and complained about the way they where treated. She argued that the mentally ill people where still people and that they should be treated that way. This started the prison reform, where they made the prisons livable and decent. |
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| Abolition had to do with banning slavery. Slavery at the time was being abolished in Britain and France. But increasing in the US. During this time we even have pirate ships sneaking slaves from Africa into the US to make new slaves. Britain is mad because we aren’t doing anything about it. |
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| The people that believed in this philosophy about slavery was that it was evil but it was also necessary. The Southern economy would fail if we didn’t have it. |
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