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| In 1859, a great amount of gold and silver was discovered in Nevada at the Cornstock lode. The "Fifty Niners" rushed to nevada in their hopes of getting rich, which caused nevada to become a state. |
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| Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) |
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| Hayes vetoed it in 1879, but once he was gone it passed-1882. No chinese were allowed to enter the U.S, the first law about immigration. |
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| The Long drives took place in the 1870s and 80s in the western plain states. Cattle ranchers needed a way to easily transport their cattle to eastern cities. Cowboys would round up a heard of cattle and "drive" them from texas to kansas which held the nearest railroad. |
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| He was a former general of the Civil War famous for his golden curls and flamboyance. He was nicknamed the "boy general." During the Sioux War of 1876-1877, he attacked 2,500 Sioux warriors near the Little Big Horn River in Montana and was completely wiped out. He, and his 264 men's defeat, was mainly due to being outnumbered and Custer’s arrogant attack without waiting for reinforcements. |
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| Sympathy for the Indians finally materialized in the 1880s, helped in part by Helen Hunt Jackson’s book A Century of Dishonor and her novel Ramona. |
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| This 1887 law dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, and attempted to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American |
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| In 1890, a group of white Christian reformers tried to bring Christian beliefs to the Indians. Fearing the Ghost Dance, American troops were called in. While camped outside of an Indian reservation, a gun was fired and the troops stormed the reservation killing Indian men, women, and children. This battle and this year marked the end of “the Wild West” as by then, the Indians were either moved to reservations or dead. This year, 1890, was when the U.S. government stated the frontier was gone. |
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he Blacks were the real losers in the Election of 1892, for upon seeing that African-Americans were trying to show their political power, Southern Whites passed literacy tests (few Blacks could read), poll taxes (few Blacks had money to spare on voting), and the infamous “grandfather clause,” which stated that no Black could vote unless his forbear had voted in 1860 (none of course had).
1. Severe Jim Crow laws (segregation) were also passed in many Southern states, and it would not be for another half century until Blacks finally became a political force. |
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In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson that “separate but equal” facilities were constitutional.
Thus “Jim Crow” segregation was legalized. |
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| The Blacks were the real losers in the Election of 1892, for upon seeing that African-Americans were trying to show their political power, Southern Whites passed literacy tests (few Blacks could read), poll taxes (few Blacks had money to spare on voting), and the infamous “grandfather clause,” which stated that no Black could vote unless his forbear had voted in 1860 (none of course had). |
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| Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacks—Washington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects. |
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| Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacks—Washington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects. |
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| During the late 1800's an organization of farmers, called the Grange, strove to regulate railway rates and storage fees charged by railroads, warehouses, and grain elevators through state legislation. These such laws were passed, but eventually reversed, and were referred to as the Granger Laws. |
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| Set up by the Interstate Commerce Act, the ICC attempted to regulate the railroads. It had only mild success but served as the first time Washington tried to regulate business for the good of society. |
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| Gould manipulated the stocks of railroad companies to his own benefit. Typically, a railroad company would be grossly over-praised which led the public to buy into it, then the bamboozlers like Jay Gould would sell off huge portions for profit. |
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| Railroad owners abused the public, bribed judges and legislatures, employed arm-twisting lobbyists, elected their own to political office, gave rebates (which helped the wealthy but not the poor), and used free passes to gain favor in the press. |
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| He was a banker and financier. He orchestrated several blockbuster deals in railroads, insurance, and banking. He bought Andrew Carnegie’s steel operation for $400 million to start the U.S. Steel Company. He symbolized the greed, power, arrogance, and snobbery of the Gilded Age business. |
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| Carnegie was a steel tycoon. He was a master of “vertical integration.” He eventually turned to philanthropy and gave huge sums to libraries and arts (Carnegie Hall and local libraries). |
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| This was a business method where a corporation bought out other businesses (though not competitors) along its line of production. For instance, Carnegie might buy land in the Mesabi Range just for the iron ore, then buy the ships to haul the ore, then buy the railroads to haul it, etc. The companies were not competitors, but Carnegie used them, so he figured he might as well own them. |
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| Sherman Anti- Trust Act (1890) |
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| This was an 1890 law attempting to outlaw trusts (bigness was bad). The Anti-Trust Act was meant to outlaw anything which would "restrain trade." This was used to combat Labor Unions. It was only slightly successful, if that, since it lacked real teeth. However, combined with the Interstate Commerce Act, 1887, it started the government’s attempt to regulate business for the good of society. Also, it foreshadowed the Clayton Anti-trust Act that did have real teeth to it. |
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| The "Rough Riders" were a group of American volunteers formed to fight at San Juan Hill in Cuba. Many of them were cowboys, ex-convicts, and other rugged men. Colonel Leonard Wood led the group, but Theodore Roosevelt organized it. They were named "Wood's Weary Walkers" because by the time they got to Cuba to fight, most of their horses were gone. |
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| European powers, such as Britain and Russia, moved in to divide up China in 1895. These countries gained control of certain parts of China's economy, called “spheres of influence.” The Chinese did not like the idea of unwelcome foreigners trading freely within their country, so they started the Boxer Rebellion. The U.S. feared that these European powers would divide up China so they proposed the Open Door Policy—China was to be open to all nation’s in all ports. |
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| The Corollary was and addition to the Monroe Doctrine. In it, Roosevelt stated that the U.S. would use the military to intervene in Latin American on behalf of Europe |
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| Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) |
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| It ended the Russo-Japanese war. Both Russia and Japan agreed to leave China. Japan got the Liodong Peninsula and southern half of an island from Russia and the Russians kept their rail system. Negiotiations were mediated by Theodor Roosevelt who called for peace (not Japan or Russia), and he won the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for it. Not well received by the Japanese public. |
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| 1907 – informal agreement between the US and Japan where the US would not restrict Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further emigration to the US. The goal was to reduce tension between the two nations. Made by President Theodore Roosevelt, but not ratified by congress. |
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| Root- Takahira Agreement (1908) |
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| US and Japan agree to respect each other’s territorial possessions in the Pacific and to honor the Open Door Policy in China. |
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| 1909 ish – Taft’s efforting to further US aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries |
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| Mexico had been exploited for years, while the people suffered. The people revolted in 1913, murdered the president and replaced him with General Victoriano Huerta. He menaced American property in Mexico, so President Wilson sent American arms to his enemies. Eventually he stepped down from pressure, and was replaced with his archrival, Venustiano Carranza |
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| Main idea: government should be an agent for reform. Progressive Presidents: Teddy Roosevelt, Wilson, FDR, and Johnson. Not related to any particular party. |
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| Muckraker – wrote in McClure’s magazine “The Shame of the Cities”, a series of articles exposing the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government |
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| established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote |
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| Roosevelt’s plan for presidency. Core value: be fair to everyone. Goals: control of corportations (trust busting), consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. |
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| 1906 - gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates which led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers |
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| wrote The Jungle, which revealed the horrific and unsanitary processes of meat production, and brought about acts to fix it like The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 |
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| “Roosevelt’s chief forester”, wanted to use the nation’s national resources intelligently. During Taft’s term he critisized someone for wanted to use land for coporate development, and was dismissed by Taft for insubordination, which cause some protest |
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| Wilson’s campaign plan for the presidency. Opposed to government regulation, no social welfare, and battling the triple wall of privilege: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. |
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| 1913 - created the Federal Reserve Board that oversaw a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts each with its own central bank. The board had a certain amount of control and was empowered to issue paper money, thus the amount of money in circulation could be swiftly increased as needed. |
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| 1914 – lengthened the Sherman Act’s list of business practices deemed objectionable, including price discrimination, and interlocking directorates. Also helped labor: exempted them from antitrust persecution and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing. |
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| Nation Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Did various things to get more rights for blacks. Famous members like Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks |
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| 1848 – A woman’s rights convention in Seneca, New York. Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
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| 1920 - declared that no one should be denied the right to vote because of their sex. IE it gave woman the vote. |
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| was sunk by German Torpedos in 1916. Was a contributing factor in bringing the US into WWI. German declared unrestricted submarine warfare on Britain, and was warned by US many times not to hit them. The event was an outrage, and caused public hatred of Germany, and many people wanted to go to war because of it. |
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| 1916 a pledge made by Germany to the US. They promised that: passsenger ships would not be targeted; Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons had been established, if necessary by a search of the ship; Merchant ships would not be sunk without provision for the safety of passengers and crew. |
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| 1917 proposal from Germany to Mexico to make war with the US. US intercepted and uncoded it, and cause more public outcry for war |
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| headed The Committee on Public Information which was created to rally public support of war. His job was to sell America on the war and sell the world on Wilsonian war aims. |
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| ran against Samuel Tilden in the 1876 election. Civil war vet, from Ohio, Republican, Their stand-off lead to the Compromise of 1877 and the Electoral Count Act. He wins. |
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| ran against Rutherford B. Hayes in the 1876 election. Democrat. Rose to fame by persecuting Boss Tweed (a big business owner who stole lots of money) Their stand-off lead to the Compromise of 1877 and the Electoral Count Act. Hayes wins. |
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| author and Nobel Prize winner, wrote The Grapes of Wrath (1939) which told the story of the “human tumbleweeds” who had to flee their farms in the Dust Bowl because of the dust storms and ruined land |
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| 1931 – Japanese invade Manchuria, and as a result the Chinese shut the Open Door Policy. Violation of the League of Nations covenant. They couldn’t do anything as they had no real power, cause the Stimson doctrine to be made by the US. |
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| 1933 – a government policy directed towards Japan and China, that the US would not recognize territory changes that were taking by force |
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