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| Called savages by the white men. They originally came from Asia accross the Barring Strait (Followed Food Source, ended up here). Skin turned red/brown from crushed berries and roots that they rubbed on their skin for protection from the elements. White men wanted to move natives from the land->they had no blueprint->Indian Schools. |
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| Terrible, had no common language, English is spoken in the schools -> indians do not understand-> were beaten. The idea "Save the man, kill the indian" |
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| Custer was supposed to put the Su indians onto a reservation->misinterprets the number of indians. 209 of custer's men were massacured by the indians. |
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| Provided each indian family with 160 acres of reservation land. If indians agreed and followed rules they'd become american citizens. Land held in trust and if in 25 years indians prove they can be farmers they will become american citizens.3/4 of the land was lost by the indians. |
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| An indian named "Old Man Wilson" goes on a vision quest. His vision was the Ghost Dance. The indians would dance for days->all indians that died in the past will come alive, all trees, bushes, dead animals, etc. AND the whitemen will disappear. Loud and crazy dance. |
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| 42 military police are sent to an indian reservation to take out "Sitting Bull"(the indian's leader). Last major confrontation. A policeman was shot by sitting bull's body guard->sitting bull shot by a policeman. Whitemen go after the indians and 340 were rounded up at Wounded Knee. |
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| Native American Contributions |
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| creation of basements, lacrosse, igloos, tobacco, public school, oil(waterproof paint, makeup), medicinal cures, rubber, canoes, and jewlery. |
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| Transcontinental Railroad |
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| Government gives people the insentive to move west. The transcontinental railroad was built to connect the country. Not easy to build->rough terrain. Government selects two railroad companies to work on the railroad-> Central Pacific (mostly chinese workers) & Union Pacific (mostly irish workers). Ads put out for workers (no americans wanted to do it)-> looks to foreigners and immigrants. Railroad is finally finished and connected in Promontory Point Utah. |
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| Said that you could get up to 160 acres of land. you must pay $18 now or overtime. Draw a circle around your land on a map->pledge to live, build a home, cultivate land, within 5 years. (Not precise->some people issued the same land and the land was poor with scarse water in some places) |
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| People apart of the homestead act (homesteaders) were allowed to add additional land under the condition that they must plant trees on it within 4 years (PROBLEM: the land could be a great distance away from the land that you were living on) |
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| Dry land sold for $1.25 per acre and you can own up to 640 acres. You had to irrigate the land within 3 years. |
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| rocky and tree land in California, Nevada, and Washington. You can buy 160 acres for $2.50 per acre. At first people were nervous but eventually the land sold out quickly |
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| People were moving west to farm and build "sod houses" (mud,water,sand)->very cheap. They were very isolated and had to deal with destructive locusts (destroyed crops, covered the sky, eat everything[cattle]. Nearest neighbor could be 2 days away. Hot, humid summers and cold winters. |
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rules:
1. must have a population [enabling act->sent to congress]
2. once approved, delegates are elected to a state constitutional convention
3.Get a constitution approved by the population.
4.Be approved by congress |
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| Gold rush->over 200,000 people came to america to become rich from gold. Mining camps sprang up overnight and when the gold was gone the camps were abandoned -> ghost towns. |
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| cattle ranches ranged from texas up to canada. Ownership of cattle proved by BRANDING. |
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| Livestock shipper->brought cattle to large areas with a railroad->ship to the east.train could only fit about 45 cows comfortably->75 cows would be stuffed in->many sick or dead animals (starving and thirsty) |
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| His job was to go out to every farm to see if people are doing what they are supposed to be doing. He saw how secluded people were and created THE GRANGE->a social organization for the pople->once per month get togathers for 3 or 4 days->good learning/fun experiance. |
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| Last unsettled territory in US. Americans could apply, pay a fee, and then take a pole and stick it into the ground to claim the land. in the rush to claim land->700 people were trampled to death. At the end of the day, the west was considered settled. |
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Showed off everthing accomplished in the past 100 years and hinted at good things to come.
new products:
linoleum, pharmacists made a drink called "root beer", elevator, "exotic" bananas, chewing tobacco, the brick, typewriters. |
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general stores-had weapons, food, seeds, and tools etc. Very personal, knew the workers. If you didnt have enough money, you could establish credit or preform services to pay it off. Flexible but had limited goods.
mail order catalogues-overnight success, you could order almost anything but orders were lost, late and broken.
department stores-organized the general store, not personal.Elaborate->had daycares, eaterys, people afraid to touch things (too nice), Expensive, no credit.
Chain Stores-all look the same (strip mallsd/inside malls) |
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| At the begining it was imperfect->not strong. Andrew Carnegie realized how important it was-> enters the steel business.he build the brooklyn bridge, skyscrapers, and the washington monument (his steel) JP morgan buys Carnegie's business for 1/2 a million dollars. Carnegie gives away all of his money earned from the steel business to help others. |
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| owning and using everything from the raw materials to the finished product (ex. buy out truck company who transports your product) |
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Edwin Drake- the first one to find oil.
Rockefeller- invested in oil and created the standard oil company. he hated waste and used vertical integration (owned everything) Made workers pay for the waste they caused.Bought out other failing companies and combined them into one HUGE oil company. He ended up controling 90% of the US oil business. |
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| Created an invention factory (LAB). People came to him with inventions and he would supply them with the products necessary to make it. When they'd apply for a patent, Edison's name would also be on it. (Typewriter) |
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| At first was secret, unsuccessful organization.Accepted skilled and unskilled workers/all people except a select group. Used strikes->unsuccessful |
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| American Federation of Labor |
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Definition
| Union that only allowed skilled workers -> no women or blacks (fees for them to join). Organized strikes=mostly successful. |
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| a strike called by the Knights of Labor and other unions. police interviened -> workers refused to leave->police shot into crowd killing 2 people->police convicted->workers meet in haymarket again at a later date and bring their whole families to prove they were being peacful. A bomb was thrown at police->7 killed->police fired into crowd again killing 4 people and injuring 67. |
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| The costs and benefits of industrialization |
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Definition
Costs-laborers suffered, diseases, poor lighting, environment polluted.
benefits: selection of new, affordable products, communication, transportation, more immigrants |
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| Immigrants-Why they came? |
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| Job opportunities, more land, to escape war or religious prosecution, to escape diseases (epidemics) |
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1st wave-About 6 million immigrants coming to the USA.had it easier than following waves. They ended up looking at following waves negetively, just like americans. Mostly protestant.
2nd wave- about 15 million immigrants came to the USA. mostly catholics and jews. |
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| American Protective Association |
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| wanted to limit or end immigration. successful for a short period of time in the limitation of it. immigrants had to pay a fee, prohibited people with criminal records, mental instability, paligimists, people with diseases, and contract laborers. |
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| most worked outside in a tight family unit. Immigrants held onto culture, native language, religion, news papers, holidays, and established perochial schools. |
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city government used sketchy means of getting immigrants votes->did alot of good but at the cost of a lot of fraud.
William Tweed- built a beautiful city hall->Tammity Hall cost about 13 million dollars to make and gave jobs to people of the city.
Political machines were eventually outlawed and Mr Tweed was arrested but he escaped to Spain->he was re-arrested and thrown in jail where he died poor. |
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| Immigration Restriction League |
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| Lawyers, Doctors, Professors, Created literacy tests to limit immigration. |
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| 12 million immigrants came through the island->reletively few were sent back to their homeland. Many names were changed if they were too difficult. When the people say the "Money Exchange" office, they knew they had made it through Ellis Island. Immigrants were shuttled to Manhattan by Ferry. |
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| author of "How the other half lives" first photo journalist. |
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major part of cities, 3/4 rooms shared or rented out. Trash thrown out of windows->infestation, bad pollution(no filterin system)
dumbell tenement- a shoot with a pulley, put trash on shelf, use the pulley, goes down to the basement and falls out. Terrible smell, sat there for weeks, Owners would hire someone to take the trash and dump it in the water or on empty land (James Ware) |
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| Problems with urbanization |
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| overcrowding, a clash of cultures, sickness, homocide rates increased x3, suicide rates increased, street gangs formed, alcoholism rose. |
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| Urban Mass Transit-Subways |
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| 1st one was in Boston.people were very scared to use it at first |
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| urbanization-improvements |
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| life expectancy rose, more leisure / entertainment. |
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| Daily life in American Society-Leisure and entertainment |
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Definition
| card games, dominos, chess, checkers |
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| father not around(working in a factory)->mother must learn to take care of the family |
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| School attendance became manditory. alot of money was poured into education. very strict->many dropouts. began eary->2 hour break->boys went back and girls stayed home to learn from their mothers. |
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| a former slave. obtained freedom and educated himself. stressed patience, maintain manual training, and hard work->you will excell. |
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| went to harvard, a follower of booker t washington. stressed fighting for your rights->get a higher education no matter what it takes. |
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| Stated that you were allowed to vote as long as your grandfather voted->the african americans' grandfathers did not have the right to vote and therefore they could not vote either. |
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| Laws that enforced racial segregation in schools, prisons, marriages, etc. |
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| Started a settlement house (helped poor people)->"The Hull House". She ran the hull house for 40 years. She would have kindergarten and daycare there and other programs for educational purposes. |
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| once owned by russia->didn't want it anymore but did not want Britain to get it.William Seward bought Alaska for $7.2 million (2 cents per acre) |
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| made up of several islands. The Queen->Queen Lilly was disturbed by so many Americans in her islands (plantation owners)->Americans disposed of her and declared Hawaii an independant republic.US annexed hawaii and eventually made it a state. |
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| Americans had money invested in cuba (had its eye on cuba->controlled by Spain). Spanish government treated cubans VERY poorly->forced to work on plantations. This lead to many diseases and deaths. Men were taken away from their families and put on Cuban Camps->Death Camps. The Maine, an american ship, was sent to cuba to observe and report back->Maine exploded and the entire crew was killed. Everyone pointed fingers at eachother->Sparked Spanish American War.Tedy Roosevelt fought in this war(rough riders) US not prepared for the war: tropical climate, jungle, no proper training, communication problems. US won the war anyways. We learned we had to change our way of fighting. |
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| Many countries had a presence in China. US wrote a series of "Open Door" notes-justifies our reason for coming to china (any country can have a presence as long as they do not overlap others). The Chinese were against the outsiders->rebelled. |
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| Controled by Denmark->Markets/resources. US buys for $25 million. |
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| Would result in a shorter distance for goods / troops to be transported. French start it->9 years. They knew nothing about the climate/terrain (jungle) They suffered from foreign diseases and had no medicen. 75% of the french in Panama died. French abandoned the job. US picks the job up where the French left off. Roosevelt (president) convinces Panama to proclaim independance from Columbia->sends american troops to help-> paid Columbia several million dollars to make it legal. US must pay panama $10 million and a portion of the yearly profits. A french doctor helps americans stay healthy. |
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| Industrialize, deal with problems later. Political response to industrialization. Concerned with all the "ills of society" |
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| Started the Progressive Era, Editor of a magazine. Sent Lincoln Steffins (a reporter) to find out "what we are missing" in the magazine->talk to the people (workers complaints, talks to women) wrote an article->gave to Samuel McClure(loved it) |
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Very progressive GOVENOR OF WISCONSIN. Introduced the Wisconsin Idea. Establised an industrial comission-> appointed people with knowledge of the industry to moniter and find problems. then they had to observe and write about them.
Wisconsin->1st to have state income tax, improved education, workmans compensation (paid part of salary while hurt or sick), controles on public utilities-> pay same amount for water, electronic etc, lowered the railraod rate, had experts for EVERYTHING/documented everything. |
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| referendum (you can accept or reject laws at the ballot box) |
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| you can "recall" a judge/official if something is wrong with the votes. |
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| voters select candidates to run for office |
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| very strict laws used by politicians to promiss a bill or a law |
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| wanted big business to be regulated for public good->not against it. Regulated rail roads, child labor laws, factory inspections. "Slum Clearance" in Washington DC. |
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| Porgressive to help miners (safety, lights, etc) new rules/laws that furthered Children's Bureau. |
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| Progressive, redeveloped the banking system in america. stepped in on strikes. |
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