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1811-1874
radical in congress, senator from MA
outspoken foe of slavery and defender of black rights
urged lincoln to free and arm slaves
1865- favored black suffrage in the south
moved to strike the word white from nationalization requirements
at their insistence african americans were able to obtain citizenship when migrating from abroad but asians remained ineligible |
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1840-1904
Nez perce indian
lead his people on 1700 mile trek from their homes in Oregon and Idaho through the far west in 1877 in an unsuccessful attempt to escape to Canada
delivered a speech in Washington to a distinguished audience including President Rutherford in 1879 about the policy of confining indians to reservations. Talked about freedom and equal before the law so powerfully reinforced by the civil war and reconstruction.
The government transported surviving nez perce to reservation in Washington territory
Until his death in 1904, Joseph would unsuccessfully petition presidents for his peoples right to return to their beloved Oregon homeland |
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1887
a crucial step in attacking tribalism
named for Senator Henry L Dawes of MA, chair of the Senate's indian affair committee
Act broke up the land of nearly all tribes into small parcels to be distributed to indian families with the remainder auctioned off to white purchasers
indians who accepted the farms and adopted the habits of civilized life would become full fledged american citizens
the policy proved to be a disaster and it lead to the loss of much tribal land and the erosion of indian cultural traditions but whites benefited enormously
on the Nex Perce reservation 172000 acres were divided into farms for indians but white ranchers and land speculators purchased 500000 acres
in the half century after the passing of the Dawes Act, indians lost 86 million of the 138 millions acres of land in their possession in 1887 |
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1862
proposed by Thaddeus Stevens, a lawyer and iron manufacturer who represented PA in the house of reps.
Prominent radical in congress, outspoken foe of slavery and defender of black rights, urged lincoln to free and arm slaves, favored black suffrage in the south
wanted to confiscate the land of disloyal planters and divide it among former slaves and Northern migrants to the South
wanted to make former slaves land owners but it was too radical for even his radical colleagues because congress had already offered free land to settlers in the west in the Homestead Act of 1862
but this land had been in the ownership of federal gov. not private individuals.
most congressmen believed too deeply in the sanctity of property rights to be willing to take land from one group of owners and distribute it to others
Stevens proposal failed to pass
but hundreds of thousands of families acquired farms under the Homestead Act
over 1 millions claims for free government land were filed under the homestead act of 1863, more than in the previous 40 years combined
created prosperity in america and stimulated demand for farmed goods |
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the use of journalistic skills to expose the underside of american life, the ills of industrial and urban life
showed how party bosses and business leaders profited from political corruption
term coined by Teddy Roosevelt, who the muckrakers believed they had helped to be elected
term was used in early 1900's |
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most influential progressive administration at the state level. made Wisconsin a "laboratory" for democracy and served as a Republican member of Congress
become convinced that an alliance of railraod and lumber companies controlled state politics
after being elected governor in 1900, instited a series of measures known as the Wisconsin idea
this included nominations of candidates for office through primary elections rather than by political bosses, the taxation of corporate wealth and the state regulation of public utilities and railroads.
staffed his administration with nonpartisan faculty members from the university of wisconsin and his reliance and staff professors in important posts reflected a large progressive faith in expertise
ran against Coolidge in 1924, won 1/6 of the electoral votes
ran as a candidate for a new progressive party which called for greater taxation of wealth, the conservation of natural resources, public ownership of railroads, farm relief, and the end of child labor.
Coolidge described this as a platform for a socialist america
endorsed of jane adams, john dewey and the american federation of labor and other veteran progressives
candidacy showed the survival of some currents of dissent in a highly conservative decade |
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leader of the national women's party which pressed for the right to vote with tactics many older suffrage advocated found scandalous.
did not understand how the country could fight for democracy abroad but not for women back at home
compared wilson to the kaiser, chained herself to the white house fence with a group of her followers
they were sent to prison for some months and when they began a hunger strike they were force fed
this called for the widespread outrage of the mistreatment of paul and her followers
pushed the admin full fledged support of women's suffrage
1920 long struggle ended with the ratification of the 19th amendment |
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The secretary of the interior, Albert Fall, accepted nearly $500000 from private businessmen to whom he leased gov. oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming
became first cabinet member in history to be convicted of a felony
Harding's cabinet member |
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| Conservative white democrats, many of them planters or business men, who reclaimed control of the South, following the end of Reconstruction. |
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Halted Chinese Immigration to the United States.
1870s, Chinese Immigrants came to work and soon entire families began to immigrate. 1875, Congress voted to exclude chinese women from entering the country. Beginning of 1882, Congress temporarily excluded all chinese from entering the country altogether. This was the first time race had been used to exclude an entire ppl from entering the US. Between 1871-1875 San Francisco provided no public education for chinese children until the CA supreme court in Tate vs. Hurley ordered the city to admit chinese students. |
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1811-1872
Editor NY Tribune
Influential group of republicans alienated by corruption within the Grant administration formed their own party calling themselves "Liberal Republicans." Nominated Horace Greeley for president. Lost to Grant in presidential election. But Greeley's campaign placed on a northern agenda a new policy toward the South.
Contributed to resurgence of racism in the North. Believed that Grant was manipulating the former slaves to gain votes while men of education were being pushed aside. |
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Corrupt political machine which plundered city of NY of tens of millions of dollars.
Founder William M. Tweed, forged close ties with railroad men in labor unions and won support from the cities immigrant poor by fashioning a kind of private well-fare system, which provided food, fuel and jobs in hard times. Ousted in early 1870 by those tired of paying tribute to the Ring.
Remained popular among the poor, who considered him a urban Robin Hood. |
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Founder of American Federation of Labor (AFL) and longtime president of AFL.
Pioneered policies known as Business Unionism.
Embraced the idea of freedom of contract, turning it into an argument against interference by judges to organize unions.
During 1890s, union memberships rebounded from its decline in the late 1880s.
AFL restricted membership to skilled workers, unions became less inclusive, excluded nearly all black, women and immigrants.
Focussed on sectors of the economy with little presence in basic industries like steel and rubber. |
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1838-1914
Scottish-borned naturalist, who organized the Sierra Club to help preserve forests from uncontrolled logging by timber companies and other intrusions of civilization. Congress in that decade authorized the president to withdraw forests reserves from economic development. Under Roosevelt, nature conservation became a concerted federal policy. |
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Most prominent female reformer of the late 1800s.
Resented the prevailing expectation that a woman's life should be governed by the obligation to devote herself to parents, husband and children.
In 1889, founded Hull House in Chicago, a settlement house devoted to improving the lives of the immigrant poor, building kindergartens, established employment offices and health clinics, showed female victims of domestic abuse how to gain legal protection.
By 1910, over 400 settlement houses had been established in cities throughout the country.
Progressive. |
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March 1917, British spies intercepted and made public the Zimmerman Telegram, a message by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman calling on Mexico to join in a coming war against the US
And promising to help them recover land lost in the Mexican War.
One of the final events that lead to the United States to joining WWI. Wilson asked Congress to declare war soon after. |
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In 1918, made it a crime to make spoken or printed statements that intended to cast contempt, scorn, or disrepute on the government or advocated interference with the war effort.
The government charged over 2,000 ppl with violating these laws, over half were convicted.
The most prominent victim was Eugene V. Debs who delivered an anti-war speech. |
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Anarchists who dreamed of a society in which government, churches and private property had been abolished.
Saw violence as an appropriate weapon of class warfare.
Accused of committing a crime and convicted and sentenced to death by electric chair.
The movement to save their lives attracted support from many intellectuals and the governor of MA a three-member commission to review the case.
The commission upheld the verdict and Aug. 23, 1927 they were executed.
The case lay bare the fault-lines beneath the surface of American society.
Demonstrated how long the Red Scare extended into the 1920s and how powerfully it undermined basic American freedoms.
Reflected the fierce cultural battles that raged in many communities during the decade. |
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Anarchists who dreamed of a society in which government, churches and private property had been abolished.
Saw violence as an appropriate weapon of class warfare.
Accused of committing a crime and convicted and sentenced to death by electric chair.
The movement to save their lives attracted support from many intellectuals and the governor of MA a three-member commission to review the case.
The commission upheld the verdict and Aug. 23, 1927 they were executed.
The case lay bare the fault-lines beneath the surface of American society.
Demonstrated how long the Red Scare extended into the 1920s and how powerfully it undermined basic American freedoms.
Reflected the fierce cultural battles that raged in many communities during the decade. |
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preached by liberal Protestant clergymen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; advocated the application of Christian principles to social problems generated by industry
took shape in the writings of baptist minister, Walter Rauschenbusch and several others
They insisted that freedom and spiritual self development required an equalization of wealth and power and that unbridled competition moked the Christian idea of brotherhood.
originated as an effort to reform Protestant churches by expanding their appeal in poor urban neighborhoods and making them mre attentive to the era's social ills |
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1883-1966
placed the issue of birth control at the heart of the new feminist movement.
created a journal called, "The Woman Rebel"
opened a clinic in a working-class neighborhood in Brooklyn and began distributing contraceptives to poor jewish and italian women, an action for which she was sentenced to a month in prison. Few progressives rallied to her defense
was one of several things which enlightened opinion on the way local authorities and national obscenity legislation set rigid limits to Americans' freedom of expression |
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1864
Radical republicans' plan for reconstruction that required loyalty oaths, abolition of slavery, repudiation of war debts, and denial of political rights to high-ranking confederate officials; President Lincoln refused to sign the bill |
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1883
created a merit system for federal employees, with appointment via competitive examinations rather than political influence
although it applied at first only to only 10% of the over 100,000 government workers, the act marked the first step in establishing a professional civil service and removing officeholding from the hands of political machines.
However, since funds raised from political appointees had helped to finance the political parties, civil service reform had the unintended result of increasing politicians' dependence on donations from business interests |
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stated that the US had no interest of annexing or dominating the island of Cuba
underscored the governments humanitarian intentions
named for Senator Henry Teller who declared that the US's purpose in the Spanish-American war was to aid Cuban patriots in their struggle for liberty and freedom |
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1856-1915
efficiency expert who pioneered what he called "scientific management"-a program that sought to streamline production and boost profits by systematically controlling costs and work practices.
Through scientific study, the one best way of producing goods could be determined and implemented.
The role of workers was to obey the detailed instructions of supervisors.
Many skilled workers saw the erosion of their traditional influence over the work process as a loss of freedom |
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| IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) |
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created in 1905 by a group of unionist who rejected the AFL's exclusionary policies
It was part trade union, part advocate of a workers' revolution that would seize the means of production and abolish the state
the IWW made solidarity its guiding principle, extending "a fraternal hand to every wage-worker, no matter what his religion, fatherland or trade."
they sought to mobilize those excluded from the AFL (blacks, women, Chinese, etc)
Most prominent leader was William "Big Bill" Haywood, who had worked in western mines as a youth. He was dubbed by critics, "the most dangerous man in America" |
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1904
Teddy Roosevelt announced in what was essentially a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine that the US could intervene military to prevent interference from European powers in the Western Hemisphere |
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1900-1970
a teacher in a tennessee public school who was arrested for violating a state law that prohibited the teaching of Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution. His trial reflected the enduring tension between two American definitions of freedom:Fundamentalist christians vs. socialists, feminists, etc
Scopes defenders persuaded him to violate the law in order to test its constitutionality, freedom meant above all the right to independent though and individual self expression |
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1900-1970
a teacher in a tennessee public school who was arrested for violating a state law that prohibited the teaching of Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution. His trial reflected the enduring tension between two American definitions of freedom:Fundamentalist christians vs. socialists, feminists, etc
Scopes defenders persuaded him to violate the law in order to test its constitutionality, freedom meant above all the right to independent though and individual self expression |
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1833-1912
Populist presidential candidate who received over 1 million votes in the 1892 election... |
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