• not focused on people's being bad like 1st, ALL people involved
• made the US a genuinely Christian society
• baptist and methodist primary roles, revivalist, evangelical 
• IMPACT ON WOMEN: gain more responsibility, spiritual equality 
• encouraged growth of new denominations
• all people can be saved through revitalism

• protestant revitalism
• central message: "God has made man a moral free agent" and everyone could choose salvation
• went to workers, lower middle class to convert, even got the rich to convert
• inspired people to go out and help others
• Biggest achievement: went to Rochester NY and was able to convince influential merchants and manufactures to adopt a more healthy, religious lifestyle > convinved employees to do the same

• 19th century term for a skilled craftsman who built. repaired, and improved machinery and machine tools for industry
• developed a professional identity and established institutes to spread their skills and knowledge.
• lured from britain to US by high wages, snuck over as regular labourers becase britain did not want to export valuable people
• helped the textile industry is US grow

• expensive to transport people, crop, and manufactures over land- needed to invest in a water transportation system
• 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River to Lake Erie
• 1st great engineering project in American history
• huge economic benefits for NY and great lakes region
• instigated a 'canal boom'

• organization of social reform to restore moral government of God
• a broad ranging campaign of moral and institutional reforms inspired by Evangelical christian ideals and endorsed by upper-middle class men in 1820s.
• ministers who promoted benevolent reform insisted that people who had experienced saving grace should provide moral guidance and charity to less fortunate
• share what we have, improve society

• attack on drinking- greatest evil (distrupts family, povery, violent)
• maine 1st state- no alcohol - beginning of prohibition
• long term effort by reform groups to limit consumption of alcohol
• most effective evangelical social reform, consumption dropped considerable (annually 5 gallons to 2 gallons from 1830 to 1845)

•  the inventor of the telegraph and the code used to transmit messages on it
•  His invention revolutionized communications, making it possible to transmit messages across long distances with almost no delay.
•  The telegraph facilitated westward expansion and the development of industry across the continent and helped to forge a sense of unity in a nation that was still very new

• reaction to the enlightenment, encouraged individual achieving things, nonconformity, and self-reliance
• 19th century intellectual movement, inspired by European romanticism, ralph waldo emerson and henry david thoreau,

• transcendentalism, leading voice of, influenced thousands of ordinary americans
• a unitarian who took a radical step and rejected all organized religion (philosopher, essayist)
• "infinitude of the private man"- idea of radically free individual
• words spoke directly to middle-class americans

• influenced by Emerson, transcendentalism 
• advocated civil disobedience during US war with Mexico

• great novelist influenced by Emerson- pessimistic - 
• egoism could destroy individuals
• explored limits of individualism in extreme and tragic terms- huge critic of transcendentalism 
• Moby Dick- powerful statement about Captain Ahab's obsessive hunt of the white well that ends in his own death any all but one of his crew members - the liberated individual lacks discipline and brings about death

• first successful american communal movement. 
• ann lee had vision she was reincarnation of christ - led a few people and established their own church in Albany
• known as shakers because of ecstatic dances performed with worship
• founded several communities, self-sustaining, no sexual intercourse, no alcohol, respect of property
• NO SEX- adoptions of thousands of young orphans; shakers began to dissolve as the supple of orphans dried up

• Founder of the Mormon Church
• utopians of conservative social agenda, to perpetuate the traditional patriarchal society 
• organised Chruch of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 
• saw himself as prophet , revived traditional social doctrines, encouraged individual suceess
• yay polygamy

• idea that household should be run by the male figure
• feed, protect, reasonable labour for slaves
• housing, treat as white servants
• relatationship where masters and slaves kinda help eachother
• master dictates terms, how slavery is supposed to work
• specific obligations for master and slave

• "people's democracy" - rights only granted to the dominant race in society
• if you are white, you are better. same rights for all whites
• foundations rest on inferiority of black race

• New england met in hartford connecticut - unhappy with war of 1812 to the point of secession 
• don't like what jefferson is doing in the nat'l government, as most people in the north are federalists
• met to discuss new ammendments that would make them stay in union - no more 3/5s clause, no president from same state at predecessor, 1 term (trying to limit gov't) 

• 1820
• Over the debate- will new states be slave or free? 
• line of demarcation ends at missouri, so should it be slave or free? south says they will secede if it is free, SO- missouri enters as a slave state AND maine enters as a free
• make a parallel : 36*30', above is free, below is slave, but below ends at texas... MANIFEST DESTINY!

• belief that "god has ordained US will have all land to pacific"
• justify western expansion
• aw the Manifest Destiny rationale as a thinly veiled attempt to put an acceptable face on taking lands from other peoples. Motives were often described as well-intentioned efforts to improve the lot of backward masses, but in truth the motivators were greed and control.

• as a result of the manifest destiny, thousands of americans are coming to texas, so mexico makes an immigration policy
• No more immigration into mexico! encourage mexicans to move into texas region!

• first president of the republic of texas
• in battle of san jacinto, defeats mexican army and forces
• captures Santa Ana and has him sign independence treaty- Texas separate from Mexico.

• Led by Sam Houston
• hundreds of Americans go to texas to join rebel army and take down Mexican Army
• established de facto independence for texas, mexican government would not recognise the texas republic

• Mexico owns a huge part of the SW, and the US wants it (manifest destiny)- so Polk makes plans to acquire mexico's northern provinces
• central mexico and texas areas of conflict, thousands of americans die
• important: trained new generations of famous civil war generals, such as grant and sherman 
• when santa anna kicked out of presidency for defeats, new mexican government made peace with US

• treaty that ended Mexican American war
• america gets all the land they were fighting for in northern regions of mexico for 15 million dollars
• achievement of manifest destiny

• ending slavery
• drew on religious enthusiasm of second great awakening
• human bondage against republicanism and liberty

• slavery can not move west, thinks this will end slavery
• gradual emancipation
• compensate the slave owners for losing their source of labour

• safest thing to do is to send blacks back to africa, where they will have greater freedom as they can never be immersed into american society
• send slaves to "Liberia" - capital monrovia (james monroe)
• more than 12,000 to liberia..still 5 million here
• got religious funding through American Colonisation Society

• slavery is morally wrong, religiously wrong
• needs to be ended NOW
• believes congress has the power to do it, and if they won't - PETITION CONGRESS
• no compensation for slaveholders, most radical position
• -gag rule passed by congress (refuse to listen to petitions)

• abolitionists aid to african americans who had fled from slavery
• an informal netowrk of whites and blacks in richmond, charleston, and other souther towns that assisted fugitives from lower south
• ~1,000 africans reached freedom each year 

• Huge question: should acquired land be slave or free?
• David Wilmot propses that slavery should be banned on acquired land
• did not pass in the senate because of equilibrium 

• determined abolitionist 
• called free-soilers "whitmanism" - when they shifted goals from eliminating slavery to preserving the west
• wrote an anti-slavery newspaper, formed the Anti-Slavery Society
• evangelical abolitionist

• a free black from NC who moved to boston
• attacked racial slavery- encouraged slave rebellion - called a national convention with other blacks 
• radical measures
•  used history and morality to defend his pleas against slavery

• foremost black abolitoinist, endorsed free-soil
• use political agitation and government power to overthrow slvry
• known for his incredible writing, oration 
• proved slaves could be intellectuals

series of compromises to get california into the union (while still appeasing the south)

1. california in a free state

2. creates Utah and NM territories (slaves or free)

-popular sovereignty in new territories (S)

-fugitive slave act (s)

"slavery must be protected"

-no trial for any fugitive slave

-if captured, returned

-commissioners were paid to out and get the salves and reecieved money for capturing blacks - slave or not

-secures slavery

-infuriates north

-abolitionist

-uncle tom's cabin (depicts life of slaves)

-condemned slavery

-3 million copies sold by 1860

-HUGE influence on ending slavery by public opinion

-largely responsible for compromise of 1850

-with kansas nebraska act of 1854, triggers fighting with controversy

-popular soveriengty

-democratic party

-created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. 

-created to help the transcontinental railroad flourish

-opponents saw as a way to extend slavery because of popular soverignty

-should kansas enter the union as a free state or slave?

-kansas nebraska act- elimination of missouri compromise- implementation of pop sov

-northerners and southerners both flocked to region to test out pop sov, turned to vioelence and fought each other

-people have the authority to decide whether or not to be a slave state

-applied to western lands by enacting legislation giving territorial residents ..

-regarding new territories

-charles sumner was an immediatist who verbally attacked southern senator for his southern rights beliefs and slavery 

-senators nephew- preston brooks- attacks sumner for that, beats with a cane on senate floor

-instigated violence when news travels throughout natoin

-one of most important decision in 19 C

-was a slave and sued for his freedom

-court determines that he has no rights to sue for

-slaves were property and could not be taken from owners w/o due process

-no constitution protectoin

-congress could not ban slavery

-wants TOTAL equality

-believe god has put it upon him to end slavery

-pottawatamie massacre- kills 5 pro-slavery settlers (after the attack on free-soil town of lawrence)

-delve deeper into bleeding kansas

-leaving the union

-once lincoln is elected, south wants to separate

-south carolina leads the separation, deep south separate by debruary 

-creates the confederate states of america

-instigates the civil war ultimately

-fort that belongs to SC

-SC demands the US abandon, surrender the fort 

-union refuses

-Lincoln decides to supply fort, firing at sumter later

-initiates the civil war as both sides are encouraged/inclined to battle

-preserved the union during the civil war as the 16th president

-ultimately abolished slavery with the passing of the 13th ammendment, emancipation proclamatoin

-republican, attacked from both sides (radical republicans and democrats- regarding slavery/secession)

"a house divided against itself can not stand, can not endure permanently half slave and half free- all one thing or all the other"

-lasting image of the danger of disunion bc of slavery

-president of the confederacy

-captured and charged with treason-could not run for public office

-opposed reconstruction

-commander in union army, helped to defeat confederate military

-captured vicksburg- opened up more successes

-lee surrendered to him to end the war

-commander of the confederate army

-lincoln asked him to be union commander, but stuck with VA when seceded

-crafty and strategic

-surrendered to grant

-catalyst to war, first large scale battle

-VA

-recruits came pouring in at 10k-s

-both sides have minimal training, thousands of people watching, 

-north must retreat, confed vict

-Lincoln now realises the war is not going to be an easy, quick war

-bloodiest day in american history with 23k casualties (union victory)

-1st mjor battle on N soil

-general mcclellan of union atttacks lee's armym and allows lee to retreat when appalled at number of deaths on union side

-lincoln dismissess mcclellan as chief commander because he didn't fight lee til a bitter end.

-battle with largest number of casualties

-turning point in the war (union victory) with victory at vicksburg

-s would never invade N again

-s criticising military effort, and going aginst jefferson davis

-politics transformed. republicanism strongly support in N now

-union victoies encouraged Britain not to supply the south with stuff, didn't support slavery, wanted war to end

-grant cut confed army into two, defeated both armies

-vicksburg garrisson surrendered and union siezed control of mississippi river

-turning point of war when combined with ghettsyburg

-general lee surrenders at appomattox courthouse, virginia (april)

-by may, fighting has stopped

-civil war is over

'61: any property used in rebellion can be seized (ie- slaves)

but what do you do with this property?

'62: slaves will be freed

lincoln focused on the confiscation acts.

designed to free slaves in states whose people are in rebellion

slavery left in states in the union (lincoln did not want opposition)

-moved emancipation altogether to the brink

-Lincolns plan to bring the southern states back as quickly as possible 

- whenever 10% of people (voting- white males) get together, swear oath, form new gov't> can petition to come back to the union

-with no punishment

Radicals adjustment to the 10% plan

>50% of people must swear oath to come back

-those who fought against union can not be parta of new gov't

-eligible to be in gov't it take iron clad oath (swear to have never willingly fought against union)

-slaves deserve basic freedoms and liberties

-lincoln pocket vetoes > radicals want lincoln outta office

1st president of united states

general in revolutionary war