Term
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Definition
| Land bridge that the first people used to come to North America |
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Term
| What were some misconceptions about the Indians? |
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Definition
-They were NOT static; they moved around, evolved, adapted
-They didn't live in isolation; they interacted and traded
-Some built big cities, some villages, some nomads
-Most fought each other ferociously for land
ex. Crow and Sioux/Lakota |
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Term
| What are some descriptions of the Eastern Woodland Indians? |
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Definition
-Mostly agricultural, semi-permanent, lived in bands led by chiefs
-Formed alliances and traded heavily
-Beaver pelts were important commodity
-First contacted by French and English
ex. Iroquois |
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Term
| What were some details about the "First Contact"? |
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Definition
-First contact was peaceful
-Conflict over land
-Treaty negotiated but this caused misunderstandings and anger
-War would ensue and whites would destroy Indians
-Indian v. Indian and Indian v. Whites |
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Term
| Briefly describe Indian Religion. |
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Definition
-Religion based on worship of nature and spirits
-"Great Spirit"
-Believed land was sacred; no ownership
- |
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Term
| What was the fate of the Indians? |
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Definition
-Majority died from disease
-50 mil to 4 mil
-Intertribal warfare decimated populations |
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Term
| Who was Prince Henry the Navigator? |
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Definition
-Portuguese, 1400s
-started school for captains and navigators
-his men went along the African coasts, establishing ports and making maps
-contacted India, China and Japan
-helped Portugal become first colonial empire |
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Term
| Christopher Columbus?????? |
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Definition
-Italian, 1450
-Tried to find direct route to India and China
-No support from Portugal, Italy or France
-Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain agreed to finance him
-4 voyages, established many colonies |
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Term
| What was the Treaty of Tordesillas? |
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Definition
-1494, Spain and Portugal
-Pope Alexander VI
-46' 37'' |
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Term
| Who were the Conquistadores? |
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Definition
-Came in pursuit of 3 G's (God, Glory, Gold)
-War with the Moors established knighthood
-Cortes: Aztecs Pizzaro: Incas Ponce de Leon: Florida
De Soto: Southeast US Coronado: Southwest US ( |
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Term
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Definition
-1519, Yucatan Peninsula
-Welcomed by Aztecs
-Disease devastated them, Cortes conquered with help of rival Indians |
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Term
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Definition
-1540, Southwest US
-Expedition allowed Spain to control territory from Texas to San Francisco
-Destroyed Pueblo population |
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Term
| What was the Northwest Passage? |
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Definition
| -water route through the Americas to Asia |
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Term
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Definition
-French, 1535
-St. Lawrence River
-established trade (furs) |
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Term
| Describe the fur trade in the New World. |
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Definition
-controlled by the French
-extremely profitable
-established relations with Indians and intermarried
-controlled entire Miss. River Valley (La Salle, 1682)
-Jesuit missionaries tried to convert Indians |
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Term
| Describe Joint Stock Companies |
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Definition
-Private businesses established by investors
-Sponsor voyages and colonizations as for-profit business ventures
ex. Virginia Company |
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Term
| What was the Lost Colony of Roanoke? |
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Definition
-Sir Walter Raleigh, 1585, coast of NC
-started with 100 settlers, Gov. John White 140 settlers
-White returned in 1591 and everyone was gone
-"Croatoan" carved into tree |
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Term
| Describe the colony of Jamestown |
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Definition
-Virginia, April 1607
-funded by Virginia Company
-144 men
-within one year, 2/3 died |
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Term
| Who was Captain John Smith? |
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Definition
-saved Jamestown by implicating strict, military discipline
-"He who will not work will not eat" |
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Term
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Definition
-1612 discovered how to cure tobacco
-tobacco became England's main cash crop |
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Term
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Definition
-main cash crop for England
-high demand for stimulants in England
-Spanish learned how to smoke from Indians |
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Term
| What was the Powhatan Confederacy? |
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Definition
-groups of tribes in VA
-uneasy truce with Jamestown
-Chief tried to solidify truce by marrying Pocahontas to John Rolfe
-New leader, Open, attacked Jamestown in 1622
-War broke out and lasted for 22 years
-Powhatan tribe completely defeated |
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Term
| ESSAY: What were some motivations for English colonization? |
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Definition
-availability of land; headrights
-the chance to build a fortune
-primogeniture, first son inherited everything, so gave chance to younger brothers
-Patriotism
-Freedom of worship |
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Term
| Who were the Pilgrims/Separatists? |
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Definition
-believed Church of England was hopelessly corrupt
-Sept 1620, landed in Cape Cod after they were blown off course
-Mayflower Compact was first act of self government |
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Term
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Definition
-religious movement in 16th century
-believed the Bible as the source of God's word and predestination
-believers had to demonstrate salvation through prayer, worship and hard work
-led to prosperity
-Charles I persecuted them
-formed Mass Bay Company to raise money to travel to New World |
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Term
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Definition
-prominent Puritan leader
-delivered "A City Upon a Hill" sermon in 1630
-Puritans sought to establish ideal Christian community |
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Term
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Definition
-Puritan minister at Salem, Mass (1635)
-believed everyone should have right to vote and that there was no way to determine who was saved
-kicked out in 1636 and headed to Providence
-1644 obtained charter and formed Rhode Island |
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Term
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Definition
-Bible study leader
-embraced Antinomianism
-only had to follow own moral judgement
-1636, claimed Holy Spirit told her which ministers were saved and which were not
-Left and went to Rhode Island |
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Term
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Definition
-son of admiral of support Charles II
-inherited PA
-sought to establish as for-profit business
-advertised in newspapers
-established good relations with Indians
-laid out plans for Philly |
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Term
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Definition
-dissenting religious group, Society of Friends
-came to PA
-lead to PA being prosperous colony because of wealth of talent and skills |
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Term
| Describe the English Civil War |
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Definition
-1642-1649
-Charles I wanted to be absolute monarch and dissolved Parliament
-1640, war broke out with Scotland and Charles needed money
-Reconvened Parliament and the Puritans from the House of Commons demanded breaks on religion and taxation
-Charles would not concede and war broke out
-Lasted for 7 years and colonies were left alone
-Oliver Cromwell dominated and ruled as Lord Protector til his death in 1658 |
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Term
| Describe the Restoration Period |
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Definition
-After Cromwell died, Parliament wanted a king
-Charles II was restored to the throne
-Charles owed many supporters, so he gave land grants |
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Term
| What was the House of Burgesses? |
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Definition
-1619, Virginia established first self governing body in America
-controlled day to day life
-set precedent for rest of colonies |
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Term
| And Bacon got pissed and rebelled... |
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Definition
-1676
-William Berkeley: colonial governor of VA
-Nathaniel Bacon: attorney and planter
-Indians got mad from expanding plantations
-Berkley limited expansion, planters got upset esp. indentured servants
-Bacon became leader and despite Berkley, he retaliated against friendly Indian town with a militia
-Bacon was arrested and given a deal; Berkley retracted the deal
-Bacon attacked Jamestown but died in October and his troops were conquered
*Showed that colonists were willing to go against the govt if they felt their rights were being violating |
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Term
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Definition
-Colonial governor of VA
-involved in Bacon's rebellion
-opposed westward expansion because of Indians |
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Term
| Describe the Colonial Militias |
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Definition
-important part of defeating the Indians
-laws passed to require men to fight (16-60)
-adopted Indian fighting tactics |
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Term
| ESSAY: What three things contributed to the decline of Puritanism? |
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Definition
1. The Half-Way Covenant
-allowed church memberships without rigors as before
2. Expansion of Voting Rights
-King James II made Mass a royal colony and voting rights were granted to all men
-decreased power of the Purtians
3. Salem Witch Trials
-hysteria caused people to discredit Puritans |
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Term
| What was the Glorious Revolution? |
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Definition
-1688, England
-James II assumed throne, open Catholic and Parliament was worried
-James had Protestant daughter, Mary, who was married to Prince William in Netherlands
-Offered them to invade England; James left without a fight |
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Term
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Definition
-1686, became governor of Dominion of New England
-Andros enforced the following:
-The colonial legislatures were dissolved.
-He forbade town meetings.
-He ordered the militias placed under his direct control.
-He levied taxes by decree
-Colonists resisted him
-Riots in Boston of 1869 and Andros was sent back to England
-When William and Mary assumed the throne they dissolved the Dominion and colonial govts were restored |
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Term
| What were the English Bill of Rights? |
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Definition
-Will and Mary came to agreement with Parliament in 1689
Six important components:
1. William and Mary agreed to share power with Parliament.
2. The House of Commons would act as the source of all revenue legislation.
3. They recognized the rights of free speech and petition.
4. The act required due process of law and forbade excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishments.
5. The right to own and bear arms was upheld.
6. Maintaining standing armies in peacetime was subject to Parliamentary approval. |
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Term
| What were the Navigation Acts? |
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Definition
-Between 1651-1696
-Parliament passed laws to restrict colonial trade
1. All goods has to be shipped on English ships
2. Cash crops could only go to England
3. Goods from other European countries had to be shipped to England first
4. Vice-Admirality court was established to monitor smuggling
5. Board of Trade established to review and approve colonial legislature |
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Term
| What was the Era of Salutary Neglect? |
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Definition
-1725-1763
-no strong monarch to control colonial affairs
-due to prosperity of Triangle Trade, Navigation Acts were not enforced
-Board of Trade stopped meeting
-Colonies left to pursue economic and political freedom |
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Term
| Who was Jonathan Edwards? |
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Definition
-1740s, Connecticut clergyman
-felt need for religious revival in colonies
-preached sermons stressing need for personal salvation |
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Term
| Briefly describe the Great Awakening |
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Definition
-1740s, George Whitefield, John and Charles Wesley
-targeted ritual and formality of Church of England
-In the colonies created 2 unintended consequences
1. first common experience for all colonists; brought them together and established American identity
2. created anti British feelings |
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Term
| Describe the Enlightenment |
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Definition
-revolution in thinking that affected literate Europe and American
-attacked caste system; advocated for social mobility through the classes
-led to Scientific Revolution which was fundamental shift in thought
-Voltaire, Rousseau, Galileo, Newton, Locke, Franklin |
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Term
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Definition
-English writer who lived during English Civil War and Restoration
-wrote book, Levianthan, claimed is was necessary for people to band together and form govt for protection
-later generations took "right to life" and defense by force of arms from Hobbes
-life is "nasty, brutish and short" |
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Term
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Definition
-late 17th and early 18th century philosopher
-"social contract"
-"life, liberty and property"
-if govt failed, people had right to change it |
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Term
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Definition
-French aristocrat and political scientists
-wrote The Spirit of the Laws
-concluded that best form of govt shared power
-hence the checks and balances of American govt |
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Term
| Who was Benjamin Franklin? |
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Definition
-18th century author, postmaster, scientist, inventor, diplomat
-deeply interested in scientific inquiry
-became possibly most famous American |
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Term
| Explain Indentured Servitude |
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Definition
-colonies in need of workers and this allowed for people with limited finances to come over and eventually make a living
-contracted for usually 7 years
-sometimes came involuntarily
-worked off debts, payment for capital punishment, kidnapped
-conditions not favorable
-once released were given essentials and land grant
-declined once land started to run out and because of Great Fire of London |
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Term
| Explain slavery in the New World |
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Definition
-first slaves brought by Spanish in 1503 and first to colonies in 1619
-Middle Passage
-slaves then sold at auction and conditions were difficult
-Black Codes limited their rights
-created own slave culture
-some rebellions; Stono Rebellion in SC in 1739 |
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Term
| ESSAY: What were some contributing factors that led to colonial self-government? |
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Definition
-Need for day-to-day control
-Distance between colonies and England
-development of colonial militias
-economic prosperity of colonies
-Englands' preoccupation with Civil War
-Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights
-Era of Salutary Neglect
-no strong monarch |
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Term
| ESSAY: Compare and contrast the New World empires of England and Spain. |
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Definition
Spain
-highly structured and hierarchical
-controlled by viceroys who reported directly to crown
-controlled Indians through "mission-presidio" system
-main goal was mineral wealth (gold and silver)
England
-established colonies by joint stock companies
-indirect control by the crown
-granted property rights so poor people could own land
-religious freedom |
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Term
| ESSAY: What factors set the stage for European exploration? |
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Definition
-13th century, they became aware of a larger world with valuable resources
-Improved Naval technology
-better ship making, map making by Italians, borrowed astrolobe from Arabs, and the emergence of firearms
-Rise of Nation States
-unified territories ruled by monarchs
-royal control over resources and taxation led to wealth
-enabled them to raise armies and build navies |
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