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| Proclamation Line of 1763 |
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| The British proclaimed a new western policy in the this. No settlers were allowed to cross the Appalachian divide, termed the "Proclamation Line." It was much resented by land hungry American colonists and proved unenforceable. |
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| This act of Parliament permitted the East India Company to sell tea through agents in America without paying the duty customarily collected in Britain, thus reducing the retail price. Americans, who saw the act as an attempt to induce them to pay the Townshend duty still imposed in the colonies, resisted this act through the Boston Tea Party and other measures |
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| The Battle of Bunker Hill |
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| The first major battle of the Revolutionary War (Boston, June 1775). The British held their position on Breed's Hill, but at great cost--more than a thousand casualties. The battle effectively ended any hope of a negotiated settlement between the colonists and Britain. |
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| Was the revolutionary tract written by Thomas Paine in January 1776. It was a bold call for independence and the establishment of republican government in America. |
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| Following months of organizational ineptitude and American military harassment, British General John Burgoyne was forced to surrender his army to General Horatio Gates at Saratoga, New York on October 17, 1777. The victory encouraged France to join the war on the side of the American rebels. |
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| Later famous for his dictionary, authored several textbooks, all of which celebrated American nationalism |
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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| Established governments in America's northwestern territories, established a procedure for their admission to statehood, and prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River. This legislation passed by Congress under the Articles of Confederation provided the model for the incorporation of future territories into the Union as coequal states. |
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| A veteran of the Battle of Bunker Hill, led an armed rebellion of western Massachusetts farmers to prevent state courts from foreclosing on debtors unable to pay their taxes. The rebellion convinced nationalists that to suppress or inhibit such rebellions, the nation needed a stronger national government. |
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| James Madison offered the Constitutional Convention the Virginia plan calling for proportional representation in Congress. James Paterson's plan, hoping to protect the less populous states, called for equal representation for each state in a unicameral legislature. The controversy was resolved in the Great Compromise. |
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| A militant Ottawa warrior. Addressed a secret council of more than 400 Ottowan, Powatomie, and Huron. Invoking the Delaware Prophet’s vision, he announced that the Master of Life resented for the British and wanted them removed. |
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| White men from Paxton Creek who executed converted Indians. They marched to Philadelphia to demand increased protection on the frontier. This uprising was a revolt by western Pennsylvania farmers in 1763. It was triggered by eastern indifference to Indian attacks on the frontier and by the western district's underrepresentation in the Pennsylvania assembly. |
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| The American Duties Act of 1764, the new revenue law increased the duty on sugar and various other products entering the empire from non-British ports, and it cut in half the import duty of sixpence per gallon on foreign molasses. The act, if enforced, would reduce smuggling and boost revenues while saving merchants from the heavy costs of bribing port officials. This initiated prime minister George Grenville's plan to place tariffs on some colonial imports as a means of raising revenue needed to finance England's expanded North American empire. It also called for more strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts. |
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| Required stamps to appear on a variety of articles in America after November 1, 1765. The list included legal contracts, land deeds, liquor licenses, indentures, newspapers, almanacs, and playing cards. |
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| Reminded their readers that tyranny is usually imposed through small, subtle steps. |
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| New Mexican site where ancient bones of a species of Bison extinct for 10,000 years. Sparked a revolution in North American archeology. |
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| Lived mainly in Ohio, enjoyed a continental trade network, and laid the groundwork for larger mound-building societies. |
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| Norse explorer often credited with being the first European to arrive in Western Hemisphere. He apparently established short-lived settlements in Newfoundland around A.D. 1000 |
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| Finally opened a southeastern sea route to silk and spice markets of the East. |
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| The Treaty of Tordesillas |
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| This treaty was negotiated between Spain and Portugal in 1494. Portugal agreed to concentrate its activities in Africa and the East, leaving New World exploration and settlement (except for Brazil) to Spain. |
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| Reform, lead by Martin Luther, which challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic church in the early sixteenth century. |
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| Where Raleigh’s forces made unsuccessful attempts to establish a fort |
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| An English-speaking Indian who helped the Pilgrims at Plymouth Plantation by showing them where to fish and how to cultivate corn. |
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| Renewed the northern efforts of Coronado’s expedition to create New Mexico |
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| French soldier and sailor sent by King Henry IV to scout Spain’s New World Empire and bring back suggestions to Paris for overseas advancements of French interests between 1599-1601. Devoted himself to the St. Lawrence River region, killed several war chiefs. |
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| The symbol of Dutch power in the region of new Amsterdam, and the commander of the fleet that seized New Sweden. He endorsed trade in African slaves. |
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| A proponent of English colonization in the New World. He tried in his essay, "Discourse on Western Planting," to convince Queen Elizabeth I to aid the establishment of colonies, arguing that they would have important strategic and economic benefits for England. |
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| A British settlement on the James River in Virginia, founded in 1607, abandoned when the colonial capital was moved to Williamsburg in 1699 |
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| The system of government and religious beliefs of a Protestant denomination in which each member church is self-governing |
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| Writer, poet, and daughter of Thomas Dudley, who was chief steward to the Puritan Earl of Lincoln. She married Simon Bradstreet, a minister’s son, and two years later she, her husband, and her parents sailed with other puritans on the Arabella to settle on Mass. Bay |
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| Reverend who labored to create a 1,200 pg Indian Bible |
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| Chief of a large Indian confederation of 13,000 in the Chesapeake Bay area and the father of Pocahontas |
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| Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle |
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| French explorer who canoed down the Mississippi to the Gulf of México in the 1680s and planted a settlement at Matagorda Bay in Texas |
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| The war of 1689 to 1697, which was the first of the wars for empire fought between the English and the French in the 1600s and 1700s. |
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| The Spanish Mission system in Texas |
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| Acted primarily as a buffer zone against French expansion from Louisiana. |
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| Parliamentary acts which regulated colonial trade in an attempt to make the colonies fit into a mercantile system. The system was designed to make England competitive with the Dutch who dominated the Atlantic trade |
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| French term for the dependent and legal status of a women during marriage. Under the English law, the male family head received legal rights, and his wife lost independent status, becoming in legal terms, a femme covert. |
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| Was an English political philosopher, best known for his controversial work, Oceana |
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| War between the Wampanoag Indians led by English-educated Metacom, and their allies in 1675 against the English across southern New England. The native Americans were spurred by grievances concerning English oppressment and encroachment on their lands. |
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| A utopian idealist who attempted to organize Cherokee society in accordance with early 18th century European idealism. |
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| A variation on indentures, by which agents in Europe recruited migrants by contracting them money for passage and provisions. The migrants could then sign a pact with an employer in America, and the employer “redeemed” the original loan to the shipper. |
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| An intellectual awakening of the eighteenth century that celebrated human reasoning powers. This major intellectual movement was inspired by recent scientific advances; Enlightenment thinkers emphasized the role of human reason in understanding the world and directing its events. Their ideas placed less emphasis on God's role in ordering worldly affairs. Enlightened rationalism had a major impact on American political thought. |
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| A preaching prodigy influenced by John Wesley, Whitefield sparked a widespread religious revival in the American colonies |
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| The site where Washington’s small group of soldiers fought the opening round of the global Seven Years War |
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| A soldier of the American Revolution whose troops helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British (1738-1789) |
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| An American woman who impersonated a man in order to serve in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. |
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| Royal governor who had ordered attacks against the Shawnee, seen as a threat to white settlers then spreading into the Indian hunting grounds. |
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| British colonial military unit organized during the American Revolution |
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| The father of Samuel F. B. Morse, the man who created morse code |
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| An American Indian war leader who led a dissident band of Cherokee against the United States in the American Revolutionary War and a decade afterwards, a series of conflicts known as the Chickamauga wars, becoming the pre-eminent war leader among the Indian of the Southeast of his time. |
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| The first American ship to circumnavigate the globe. |
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| 30,000 people by 1770 came from Scotland. They were pushed by poverty, land scarcity, farmers, and a failed political rebellion in1745. British encouraged Scottish Presbyterians to settle in Ireland |
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| Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania |
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| John Dickinson drafted a series which urged colonists to respond “peaceably-prudently-firmly-jointly.” He dismissed any distinction between external and internal taxation, and he also rejected the idea that Americans had virtual representation in Parliament. |
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