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| The first of three Reconstruction-era amendments, the thirteenth amendment abolished slavery. |
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| Before the end of the Civil War Union Government assist former slaves and poor white living in the south |
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| Laws intended to restrict the freedom and opportunities of African Americans. |
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Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Summer, they were critical of Johnson's plan.
They were determined to reconstruct the nation on the basis of equal rights for all.
Early 1866 they joined more moderate law-makers to enact bills that would help former slaves. |
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| "all persons born or naturalized in the United Sates" as citizens. |
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| The Fifteenth Amendment states that "the right of citizens..to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servtitude" |
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| New legislation drew a "color line" between blacks and whites in oublic life. this was know as the Jim Crow Laws an insulting refrence to a black character in a popular song. |
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| before the Civil War in 1896 the supreme court case that establishes the controversal "separate but equal" doctrine by which segregation became legal as long as the facilties provideed to blacks were equivalent to those provided to whites. |
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