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| Argentina, Brazil and Chile; nations that offered to negotiate a dispute between the United States and Mexico when unrest following the MExican Revolution brought th etwo countries into conflict. |
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| (1819) an agreement in which Spain gave East Florida to the United States |
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| relating to farming and agriculture |
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| Spanish mission in San Antonio, Texas, that was the site of a famous battle of the Texas Revolution in 1836 |
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| (1789) laws passed by a Federalist-dominated Congress aimed at protecting the government from treasonous ideas, actions, and people |
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| official change, correction, or addition to a law or constitution |
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| American Anti-Slavery Society |
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| an organization started by William Lloyd Garrison whose members wanted immediate emancipation and racial equality for African Americans |
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| American Federation of Labor |
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| an organization that united skilled workers into national unions for specific industries |
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| Henry Clay's plan for raising tariffs to pay for internal improvements such as better roads and canals |
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| people who opposed ratifcation of the Constitution |
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| a group of citizens opposed to imperialiism, and specifically, to the peace treaty that gave the United States control of Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Phillipenes |
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| Virginia town where General RObert E. Lee was forced to surrender, thus ending the Civil War |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| (1777) the document that was the first central government for the US; was replaced by the Constitution in 1789 |
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| (1676) an attack led by Nathaniel Bacon against American Indians and the colonial government in Virginia |
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| a national bank chartered by Congress in 1791 to provide security for the US economy |
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| (1862) a Union victory in the Civil War that marked the bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. military history |
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| (1775)a Revolutionary War battle in Boston that demonstrated that the colonists could fight well against the British army |
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| (1794) a battle between US troops and an American Indian confederation that ended Indian efforts to halt white settlement in the Northwest Territory |
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| (1863) a Union Civil War victory that turned the tide against the Confederates at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania |
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| (1813) US victory in the War of 1812, led by Oliver Hazard Perry; broke Britain's control of Lake Erie |
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| (1815) the greatest US victory in the War of 1812; actually took place two weeks after a peace treaty had been signed ending the war |
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| (1836) the final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas |
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| Battle of Saratoga (1777) |
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| a Revolutionary War battle in NY that resulted in a major defeat of British troops; marked the Patriots' greatest victory up to that point in the war |
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| (1862) a Civil War battle in Tennessee in which the Union army gained greater control over the Mississippi River valley |
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| Battle of the Little Big Horn |
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| (1876) "Custer's Last Stand"; battle between US soldiers, led by George Armstrong Custer, and Sioux warriors, led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, that resulted in the worst deeat for the US Army in the West |
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| (1811) US victory over an Indian confederation that wanted to stop white settlement in the NW Territory; increased tensions between Great Britain and the US |
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| (1776) a Revolutionary War battle in New Jersey in which Patriot forces captured more than 900 Hessian troops |
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| (1781) the last major battle of the Revolutionary War; site of British general Charles Cornwallis's surrender to the Patriots in Virginia |
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| (1846) a revolt against Mexico by American settlers in California who declared the territory an independnt republic |
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| an aid organization formed by immigrant communities |
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| a process developed in the 1850s that led to faster, cheaper steel production |
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| the first 10 amendments to the Constitution (ratified in 1791) |
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| laws passed in the southern states during Reconstruction that greatly limited the freedom and rights of African Americans |
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| a certificate that represents money the government has borrowed from private citizens |
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| a Western community that grew quickly because of the mining boom and often disappeared when the boom ended |
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| Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri; slave states that lay between the North and the South and did not join the Confederacy during the Civil War |
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| (1770) an incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists, killing five people |
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| (1773) a protest against the tea Act in which a group of colonists boarded British tea ships and dumped more than 340 chests of tea into Boston Harbor |
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| (1900) a siege of a foreign settlement in Beijing by Chinese nationalists who were angry at foreign involvement in China |
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| a government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal olicy toward Native Americans |
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| Spanish colonists in California in the 1800s |
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| money or property that is used to earn more money |
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| an economic system in which private businesses run most industries |
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| a long journey on which cowboys herded cattle to northern markets or better grazing lands |
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| an area of the Great Plains on which many ranchers raised cattle in the late 1800s |
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| an official document that gives a person the right to establish a colony |
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| a system established by the Consitituion that prevents any branch of government from becoming to powerful |
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| a trail that ran from San Antonio, Texas to Abilene, Knasas, established by Jesse Chisholm in the late 1860s |
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| (1882) a law passed by COngress that banned Chinese from immigrating to the US for 10 years |
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| a law that gave African Americans legal rights equal to those of white Americans |
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| the full-sized US commercial steamboat; developed by Robert Fulton and tested in 1807 |
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| a techinique used by labor unions in which workers act collectively to change woring conditions or wages |
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| the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa |
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| Commitees of Correspondence |
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| committees created by the Massachusetts House of Representatives in the 1760s to help towns and colonies share information about resisting British laws |
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| social reform effort that began in the mid-1800s and promoted the idea of having all children educated in a common place regardless of social class or background |
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| (1776) a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to pbreak away from Britain |
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| Henry Clay's proposed agreement that allowed California to enter the Union as a free state and divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into two territories where slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty |
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| Henry Clay's proposed agreement that allowed California to enter the Union as a free state and divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into 2 territories where slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty |
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| an agreement to settle the disputed presidential election of 1876; Democrats agreed to accept Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as president in return for the removal of federal troops from the South |
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| Nevada gold and silver mine discovered by Henry Comstock in 1859 |
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| Confederate States of America (CSA) |
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| the nation formed by the southern states when they seceded from the Union; also known as the COnfederacy |
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| a Spanish soldier and explorer who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain |
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| a set of basic principles that determines the powers and duties of a government |
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| Constitutional Convention |
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| (1787) a meeting held in Philadelphia at which delegates from the states wrote the Constitution |
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| Constitutional Union Party |
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| a political party formed in 1860 by a group of northerners and southerners who supported the Union, its laws, and the COnstitution |
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| the army created by the Second Continental Congress in 1775 to defend the American colines from Britain |
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| an escaped slave who joined the Union army during the Civil War |
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| an agreement between the US and Great Britain that settled fishing rights and established new North American borders |
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| a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War |
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| a business that sells portions of ownership called stock shares |
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| a region stretching from South Carolina to east texas where most US cotton was produced during the mid-1800s |
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| Confederate efforts to use the importanc of southern cotton to Britain's textile industry to persuade the British to support the Confederacy in the Civil War |
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| a machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to remove seeds from short-staple cotton; revolutionized the cotton industry |
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| common values and traditions of a society, such as language, government, and family relationships |
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| the first federal road project, construction of which began in 1815; ran from Cumberland, Maryland, to present-day Wheeling, West Virginia |
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| Dawes General Allotment Act |
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| (1887) legislation passed by Congress that split up Indian reservation lands among individual Indians and promised them citizenship |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| (1776) the document written to declare the colonies free from British rule |
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| Declaration of Sentiments |
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| (1848) a statement written and signed by women's rights supporters at the Seneca Falls COnvention; detailed their beliefs about social injustice against women |
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| a decrease in money supply and overall lower prices |
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| a political party formed by supporters Andrew Jackson after the presidential of 1824 |
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| Democratic-Republican Party |
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| a political party founded in the 1790s by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and other leaders who wanted to preserve the power of the state governments and promote agriculture |
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| to send immigrant back to his or her country of origin |
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| a steep drop in economic activity combined with rising unemployment |
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| a procedure for direct selection of candidates by voters instead of by party leaders |
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| President Taft's policy of influencing Latin America through economic rather than military intervention |
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| a group of western travelers who were stranded in the Sierra Nevada during the winter of 1846-47; only 45 of the party's 87 members survived |
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| the act of trying a person twice for the same crime |
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| a system of required service in the armed forces |
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| a slave whose court case led to a US Supreme Court ruling that declared African Americans were not US citizens, that the Missouri Compromise's restriction on slavery was unconstutional, and that Congress didn't have the right to ban slvary in any federal territory |
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| a method of farming used by Plains farmers in the 1890s that shifted focus from water-dependnet crops to more hardy crops |
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| the fair application of the law |
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| (1919) a constitutional amendmnet that outlawed the production and sale if alcoholic beverages in the United States; repealed in 1933 |
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| a group of people selected from each of the states to cast votes in presidential elections |
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| Emancipation Proclamation |
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| (1862) an order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863 |
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| the banning of trade with a country |
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| (1807) a law that prohibited American merchants from trading with other countries |
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| the government's power to take personal property to benefit the public |
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| agents who were contracted by the Mexican republic to bring settlers to Texas in the early 1800s |
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| a system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local ndians or to demand their labor to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and converting them to Christianity |
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| (1689) a shift of political power from the British monarchy to Parliament |
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| the Age of Reason; movement that began in Europe in the 1700s as people began examining the natural world, society, and government |
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| a person who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk for a business venture |
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| the climate and landscape that surrounds living things |
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| a period of peace, pride, and progress for the United States from 1815 to 1825 |
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| the canal that runs from Albany to Buffalo, NY; completed in 1825 |
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| the division of the federal government that includes the president and the administrative departments; enforces the nation's laws |
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| nonlegislative direction issued by the US president in certain circumstances; executive orders have the force of congressional law |
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| African Americans who settled western lands in the late 1800s |
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| a crop broker who managed the trade between southern planters and their customers |
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| a system that divided powers between the states and the federal government |
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| US system of government in which power is distributed between a central government and individual states |
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| a series of essays that defended and explained the Constitution and tried to reassure Americans that the states wouldn't be overpowered by the proposed national government |
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| a political party created in the 1790s and influenced by Alexander Hamilton that wanted to strengthen the federal government and promote industry and trade |
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| people who supported ratification of the Constitution |
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| (1870)a constitutional amendment that gave African American men the right to vote |
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| 54th Massachusetts Infantry |
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| African American Civil War regiment that captured Fort Wagner in South Carolina |
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| (1861)the first major battle of the Civil War, resulting in a Confederate victory; showed that the Civil War wouldn't be won easily |
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| First Continental Congress (1774) |
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| a meeting of colonial delegates in Philadelphia to decide how to respond to the closing of Boston Harbor, increased taxes, and abuses of authority by the British government; delegates petitioned King George III, listing the freedoms they believed colonists should enjoy |
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| a story that often provides a moral lesson |
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| a federal outpost in Charleston, South Carolina, that was attacked by the Confederation in April 1861, sparking the Civil War |
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| a gold-seeker who moved to CA during the gold rush |
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| (1866) a constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizen ship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians |
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| an agency established by Congress in 1865 to help poor people throughout the South |
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| (1858) a statement made by Stephen Douglas during the Lincoln-Douglas debates that pointed out how people could use popular sovereignty to determine if their state or territory should permit slavery |
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| a political party formed in 1848 by anti-slavery northerners who left the Whig and Democratic parties because neither addressed the slavery issue |
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| French rebellion that began in 1789 in which the French people overthrew the monarchy and made their country a republic |
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| (1850) a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders |
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| (1853) US purchase of land from Mexico that included the southern parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico |
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| (1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War |
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| a religious movement among Native Americans that spread across the Plains in the 1880s |
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| (1824) a Supreme Court ruling that reinforced the federal government's authority over the states |
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| a religious movement that became widespread in the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s |
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| (1787) an agreement worked out at the Constitutional Convention establishing that a state's population would determine representation in the lower house of the legislature, while each state would have equal representation in the upper house of the legislature |
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