Term
|
Definition
Born in Boston, but raised in VA.
Wrote about horror and detective stories.
Enjoyed emphasizing “terror and suspense.”
Believed fear was the most “powerful emotion |
|
|
Term
| what were some works of edger allen poe? |
|
Definition
“The Tell-Tale Heart”
“The Pit and the Pendulum”
“The Raven” |
|
|
Term
| who founded the mormon church? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-founder of the norman church
-believed that he saw god and jesus at age 14
-treasure hunter and believer in folk magic
-believed the angel moroni visited him |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- son of prophet mormon
- last survivor of the nephites
- jesus visited the nephites after he was resurrected
- smith talked with moroni every year |
|
|
Term
| what are the golden tablets? |
|
Definition
- the book of mormon
- moroni led smith to a hill near smiths farm and dug up the tablets and gave them to smith
- tablets were buried there 1,400 years before smiths time |
|
|
Term
| what is the book of mormon? |
|
Definition
Moroni let Smith take the plates home.
Smith used “seer stones” to translate the plates.
He had them for about a year and Moroni took them back.
Smith published a 588 page text from the plates.
Much of the book was from the “King James Bible |
|
|
Term
| what are the major differences between the book of mormon and the bible? |
|
Definition
A new prophet will visit the New World.
The human race will be “redeemed.”
Native Americans, or “Lamanites,” would become “white and delightsome.” |
|
|
Term
| what is the church of jesus of latter-day saints |
|
Definition
Joseph Smith was the founder/leader.
Dismissed all denominations.
Denied the existence of hell.
Opposed slavery.
Many settled in western NY.
The Second Coming was “imminent.”
1,000s of followers within a few years.
Most of which came from New England (poor people).
A promise of “a pure kingdom of Christ in America.”
Did not believe in original sin.
Had strong creeds about “human goodness.”
polygamy was ok |
|
|
Term
| what did the people of the church of christ of latter day saints call smith? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- author
- spent a lot of time at sea
-spent a lot of time with whalers |
|
|
Term
| what are some of melville's works? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was moby dick about? |
|
Definition
Capt. Ahab and his crew looking for a “white whale that devoured his leg.”
His “single-minded mission” made him a “monster.”
Ahab recklessly led himself and his crew to their deaths.
The narrator was the only survivor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Salvation for all.
God is too forgiving to condemn anyone |
|
|
Term
| who created the universalist church? |
|
Definition
John Murray:
An ex-Methodist from England.
Created the first Universalist church in MA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Friend and neighbor of Emerson.
His father was a pencil maker.
Liked Emerson’s viewpoints about self-reliance.
Educated at Harvard.
Loved nature, detested the pursuit of wealth.
Thoreau was good at many things.
Carpentry, masonry, painting, surveying, sailing, etc. |
|
|
Term
| what did thoreu do at walden pond? |
|
Definition
Dismissed the “complexities and hypocrisies of conventional life.”
Devoted his life to “observation, reflection, and writing.”
He would go to town to eat with friends, however. |
|
|
Term
| what was "civil disobedience"? |
|
Definition
Thoreau wrote “Civil Disobedience.”
Basically, he advocated breaking unjust laws in order to obtain justice.
Thoreau and other transcendentalists preached that people must “follow their conscience.”
Who was inspired by the essay:
Mahatma Gandhi.
Martin Luther King, Jr. |
|
|
Term
| what were frontier revivals and back woods? |
|
Definition
Revivalism in the south:
The circuit-riding preacher and camp meeting.
Many people were eager for religion in the frontier.
Created a sense of spirituality and community.
Who went and why:
Unified people from virtually all backgrounds.
Women were especially involved.
Many people liked going.
It built a sense of community and it was entertaining. |
|
|
Term
| what kind of technology allowed for the boom in newspapers? |
|
Definition
Steam-driven Napier press (England 1825).
Can print 4,000 sheets of newspaper in one hour.
the “rotary press” in 1847.
Printed 20,000 sheets of newspaper in one hour. |
|
|
Term
| what was the appeal of newspapers? |
|
Definition
Newspapers cost one penny.
Many can read by this time (Especially in the north and west).
In other words, it was a cheap form of entertainment as well as an easy way to obtain information. |
|
|
Term
| where were newspapers most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sort of info was included in newspapers of that day? |
|
Definition
Politics.
Social gossip.
Sports.
Reports of crime and accidents. |
|
|
Term
| what was significant about the souths newspapers? |
|
Definition
Lagged behind in newspapers and literacy.
For instance, NC had only 4 newspapers while the Northwest Territory had 13. |
|
|
Term
| who was catherine beecher? |
|
Definition
Leader of the education movement.
Founder of women’s schools in CT and OH.
Published Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841).
“A guide prescribing the domestic sphere for women.”
Women need to be educated.
But, they also need to “be trained in the domestic arts.” |
|
|
Term
| what was the females status at this time? |
|
Definition
Ministry and several professions were off-limits.
Could not vote or serve on juries.
Often had no control of property and children.
Cannot make a will, sign a contract, or bring a suit to court.
In other words, they were treated like children or a free black in many ways.
Cult of domesticity:
The female role in “civilizing husband and family.” |
|
|
Term
| what other reform did the women's rights movement coincide with? |
|
Definition
Coincided with the anti-slavery movement.
Women decided that they needed “their own emancipation.” |
|
|
Term
| what was the sennica falls convention? |
|
Definition
To discuss “the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women.”
The Declaration of Sentiments was concocted here. |
|
|
Term
| what was the declaration of sentiments? |
|
Definition
“All men and women were created equal.”
Laws that make women inferior “were contrary to the great precept of nature.”
Only about 1/3 of the 1,000 delegates signed it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Became involved with women’s rights at this time.
Was also involved with temperance and anti-slavery.
Devoted to the movement (Not married). |
|
|
Term
| who were some other people who supported the women's rights movement? |
|
Definition
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Walt Whitman
William Ellery Channing
William Lloyd Garrison |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A 62 year old farmer from IL.
Led his family and others to the west (1846).
About 70 settlers initially.
Met another 13 later on. |
|
|
Term
| what was the donner party? |
|
Definition
| a group of people who traveled west together. |
|
|
Term
| what was a mistake made by the donner party? |
|
Definition
Started too late.
Took too much.
Went down a alleged “shortcut” through Utah’s Wasatch Mountains.
They became lost. |
|
|
Term
| what was the truckee pass and what happened to the donner party in this pass? |
|
Definition
The last mountain barrier before reaching Sacramento.
About another 2 week journey.
What happened (Dec 1846):
Snow fell hard and trapped them.
Only had enough food for about a month.
Split into two camps.
17 left and tried to reach Sacramento. |
|
|
Term
| what was the result of the donner party? |
|
Definition
The people who left:
Only seven survived.
The others died and were eaten by the others.
The main camp:
They ate all their livestock.
13 people died and were eaten.
George Donner stayed behind when a rescue party came.
His wife also stayed. |
|
|
Term
| why did taylor allow santa anna back into mexico and what really happened? |
|
Definition
Polk agreed to allow General Santa Anna back into Mexico.
He was exiled in Cuba.
Santa Anna convinced Polk that he could “bring about a settlement in the Mexican War”
Santa Anna’s return:
He assumed control of Mexico.
Santa Anna prepared to attack Taylor. |
|
|
Term
| what happened at he battle of buena vista? |
|
Definition
Polk ordered Scott to invade the capital:
Taylor was told to wait at Matamoros.
He did not obey and went west (Buena Vista).
Santa Anna:
Met Taylor’s forces.
Both sides had a poorly trained army.
Colonel Jefferson Davis:
Taylor’s son-in-law.
Led a force against the Mexican cavalry and broke them up.
Neither side won the battle.
Taylor was given “leave to return home:”
Polk had to promote Taylor because of his popularity.
He continued to resent Taylor because he was a threat to his presidency. |
|
|
Term
| what is manifest destiny? |
|
Definition
| the urge to go all the way to the other side of the country exploring all of the west. |
|
|
Term
| how many people traveled west during the big manifest destiny boom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how did people see the west? |
|
Definition
Seemingly endless and “mystical:”
“Old West” contained the states of OH, KY, etc.
The area later became the land west of the Mississippi to the Pacific coast. |
|
|
Term
| who traveled west in this initial boom? |
|
Definition
| Miners, trappers, farmers, merchants, hunters, ranchers, prostitutes, missionaries, etc. |
|
|
Term
| who was already in the west? |
|
Definition
People who were already there:
Native Americans.
Mexicans.
Many of them were soon “swept aside.” |
|
|
Term
| what was the impact of the great western migration on the great plaines ecology? |
|
Definition
Impact:
People brought animals that competed for food with the bison.
Wagons “trampled on vegetation.”
Gold rush: Drastically increased the number of people moving west.
More strain on the buffalo and Great Plains People. |
|
|
Term
| what was the fort laramie treaty? |
|
Definition
What the treaty stated:
The U.S. agreed to pay several Native American tribes for damaging their lands.
The Native Americans agreed to stop allow settlers and soldiers to live on their lands.
American Indians also agreed to stay on “well-defined boundaries.” |
|
|
Term
| why did mexico refuse trade with the US? |
|
Definition
| protesting the situation with texas |
|
|
Term
| who asked if california wanted to join the union? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sent to texas near present day corpus christi while the land was still claimed by mexico |
|
|
Term
| who were the expansionists? |
|
Definition
Several people supported Taylor’s expedition
John L. Sullivan: Claimed that the U.S. involvement in Mexico was divine.
He also stated that Americans were “racially superior.” |
|
|
Term
| what happened to the negotiations with mexico? |
|
Definition
Was attempted, but the U.S. representative “gave up on his mission” to Mexico City.
Polk concluded that the only option left was war and his cabinet agreed. |
|
|
Term
| how did polk justify the war ? |
|
Definition
Mexican forces attacked U.S. soldiers.
11 killed, 5 wounded, and several were taken prisoner.
Polk now had a reason to justify war. |
|
|
Term
| what was the coin used on the santa fe trail? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long was the santa fe trail? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what were some dangers of the santa fe trail? |
|
Definition
Limited water.
Rough terrains
Indian attacks (infrequent but possible)
Killed people, took livestock, etc
Caravans and protection. |
|
|
Term
| who was John C. Fremont ? |
|
Definition
Helped many travel west to CA.
Mountain men showed him several trails.
Fremont was a second lieutenant in the “U.S. Topographical Corps.”
mapped out the oregon trail |
|
|
Term
| what is the oregon trail? |
|
Definition
Fremont mapped this trail out.
Had help from a mountain man
Christopher “Kit” Carson.” |
|
|
Term
| what party was polk a member of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
From NC, educated at the University of NC.
Was the Speaker of the House.
Was the governor of TN.
Expansionist.
Lawyer and a planter.
The youngest president at the time.
Died three months after leaving office (53).
Accomplished a lot in only one term.
He was often called “Young Hickory.”
Similar to Jackson only in policies (e.g. against the national bank) |
|
|
Term
| what was polks opinion on slavery? |
|
Definition
He was against the abolitionist movement.
Polk believed that freeing slaves “could destroy the Union.”
This caused many northern democrats to leave the party.
Polk had slaves and was “racist.” |
|
|
Term
| where was the treaty of guadalupe hildago discussed? |
|
Definition
| the village of guadalupe hildago |
|
|
Term
| what was the treaty of guadalupe hildago? |
|
Definition
The U.S. gave Mexico $15 million.
Also had to “assume the claims of U.S. citizens against Mexico” ($3.25 million).
Basically, the U.S. received a large amount of land from Mexico.
UT, CA, TX, NM, AZ, etc. |
|
|
Term
| who was the democratic nominee in the election of 1844? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who won the election of 1844? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
11th President of the United States:
From NC, educated at the University of NC.
Was the Speaker of the House.
Was the governor of TN.
Expansionist.
Lawyer and a planter.
The youngest president at the time.
Died three months after leaving office (53).
Accomplished a lot in only one term.
He was often called “Young Hickory.”
Similar to Jackson only in policies (e.g. against the national bank). |
|
|
Term
| how did polk feel about slavery? |
|
Definition
Slavery issue:
He was against the abolitionist movement.
Polk believed that freeing slaves “could destroy the Union.”
This caused many northern democrats to leave the party.
Polk had slaves and was “racist.” |
|
|
Term
| what was the walker tariff? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the treaty of Guadalupe hildago? |
|
Definition
The U.S. gave Mexico $15 million.
Also had to “assume the claims of U.S. citizens against Mexico” ($3.25 million).
Basically, the U.S. received a large amount of land from Mexico.
UT, CA, TX, NM, AZ, etc. |
|
|
Term
| when did the the us troops leave mexico after the treaty of guadalupe hildago? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who were of mixed racial ancestry |
|
|
Term
| what percent of the black population were muelattos? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what new class was created in town like new orleans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Purchased by Robert Newsom when she was 14 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A wealthy Missouri farmer.
Bought Celia as a “sex slave.”
He built her a cabin near the farm.
Had sexual relations with him for 5 years (2 children). |
|
|
Term
| what eventually happened to robot newsom? |
|
Definition
| celia killed him when he was 65 |
|
|
Term
| who was celia in love with? |
|
Definition
| another slave named george |
|
|
Term
| what happened at celia's trial? |
|
Definition
Her defense argued that enslaved women should be able to defend themselves from sexual assault.
However, a slaveholder raping a slave “was not a crime.” |
|
|
Term
| what was the verdict of celia's trial? |
|
Definition
| guilty she was hanged two months later |
|
|
Term
| what was celia's "double burden"? |
|
Definition
| The misfortune of being a slave and a woman in the south. |
|
|
Term
| what was one of the least desired jobs on the plantations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what were some of the preferable jobs on the plantations? |
|
Definition
Household servant
Skilled worker (e.g. blacksmith and carpenter)
“Special assignments” (e.g. cook and boatman) |
|
|
Term
| where did most slaves live? |
|
Definition
| Small wooden shacks with “dirt floors.” |
|
|
Term
| what were some characteristics of plantation life? |
|
Definition
2 sets of clothes given twice a year, shoes only in the winter.
Work from “dawn to dusk.”
½ of infants die within the first year.
50,000 slaves escaped every year.
Many went to the northern states, Canada, or even Mexico. |
|
|
Term
| what is the underground railroad? |
|
Definition
A system of secret routes and safe stopping places that concealed runaway slaves
They often went to Canada |
|
|
Term
| what happened between 1810-1850? |
|
Definition
Tens of thousands of southern slaves ran away
Some escapees came back in order to help others escape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One of the most famous people to go on the underground railroad
19 trips, helped over 300 slaves escape |
|
|
Term
| what were the staple crops before cotton? |
|
Definition
| tobacco indigo rice sugar |
|
|
Term
| who was william lloyd garrison? |
|
Definition
Made an Anti-Slavery Newspaper, Liberator (1831)
Born in Newburyport, MA
Supported the doctrine of “Gradual Emancipation”
Pacifist |
|
|
Term
| what was the new england anti slavery society? |
|
Definition
| Setup by Garrison and his followers |
|
|
Term
| what is the american anti-slavery society? |
|
Definition
Setup by Garrison and 2 wealthy New York merchants
Hoped to exploit the publicity generated by the British Anti-Slavery Movement
The society stressed the slaveholding “is a heinous crime in the sight of God”
Also argued that African-Americans “share an equality with the whites” |
|
|
Term
| who was fredrick Douglas? |
|
Definition
“The Best-Known Black Man in America:”
Eloquent
Wrote a controversial narrative of his life
Also started an abolitionist newspaper for blacks (North Star)
Left to the British Isles for 2 years
Gathered enough $ to purchase his freedom |
|
|
Term
| what was Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass 1845 |
|
Definition
One of the most famous first-hand accounts of escaping slavery
Douglass was aided by a free black seaman to escape |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for nat turners rebellion? |
|
Definition
A rebellion that was not discovered:
It happened in Southampton County, VA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
He was an overseer at his plantation.
Professed the “divine mission in leading a slave rebellion.” |
|
|
Term
| what happened to nat turners rebellion? |
|
Definition
Began when a group of slaves killed the “adults and children” at Turner’s plantation.
The group also did the same at different farms down the road. |
|
|
Term
| what was the result of nat turners rebellion? |
|
Definition
55 whites were killed.
The VA militia killed several of the slaves.
17 were hanged. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
15th President of the US:
65 years old.
First unmarried president.
Practiced law.
Involved in politics since 1815.
Was a Federalist, but became a Democrat (1820s).
Served in Congress for over 20 years.
Ambassador to Russia and Britain.
Secretary of State for James K. Polk.
Advocate of state’s rights and expansionism.
Accused of not having a “backbone” to stand up against southern democrats.
Many call him the “worst president of the U.S.” |
|
|
Term
| what were some of the causes of the panic of 1857? |
|
Definition
Reduction in foreign demand for American grain.
Rapid production of the railroads.
Manufacturing output > markets/demand.
Weak state banks.
The failure of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company.
The U.S. was in an economic slump until 1859. |
|
|
Term
| who did the northerners blame for the panic of 1857? |
|
Definition
Blamed the panic on the “Democratic Tariff of 1857.”
Tariff rates were really low. |
|
|
Term
| what happened to the south during the panic of 1857? |
|
Definition
Was not hurt as bad as the north.
Cotton prices dropped, the demand was still high. |
|
|
Term
| what did the panic of 1857 do for the southerners? |
|
Definition
It “justified” their old argument.
“Slave-based agriculture” was better than the free-labor system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
13th President of the U.S.
Was the VP for Taylor.
Son of a “poor farmer.”
Self-educated.
Practiced law.
An experienced and “cautious” politician.
Fillmore wanted to support Clay’s compromise.
He was “ready to make peace.” |
|
|
Term
| what was the fugitive slave act? |
|
Definition
| Capturing slaves was under “federal jurisdiction.” |
|
|
Term
| what were some problems with the fugitive slave act? |
|
Definition
Federal officials could fine and imprison people for not helping them.
Up to 6 months in jail and $1,000 fine.
Free people could be kidnapped.
“Fugitive slaves” would not receive a trial.
Thus, it would be easy for slave catchers to pass freedmen as escaped slaves. |
|
|
Term
| how did abolitionists feel about the fugitive slave act? |
|
Definition
Obviously, they were outraged by the act.
Ralph Waldo Emerson was disgusted that this law was “made by people who could read and write.” |
|
|
Term
| who was the democratic nominee in the election of 1852? |
|
Definition
They picked Franklin Pierce (NH).
Endorsed the Compromise of 1850.
He attracted many southerners and Van Burnite Democrats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
14th President of the US:
From NH.
Fought in the Mexican War.
Struggled with “alcoholism and self-doubt.”
Youngest president at the time (48).
Not a good “statesman or a leader.”
Many in his own party considered him a “failure.”
Was a congressman and senator.
He was a “northerner with southern principles.” |
|
|
Term
| how much did pierce offer spain for cuba? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what were clays resolutions? |
|
Definition
CA will be a free state.
NM and UT will be allowed to choose what they want.
TX cannot claim much of NM.
TX will receive “compensation” for its debts.
D.C. will continue to have slavery.
The slave trade will end in D.C.
Create a “more effective fugitive slave act.”
Congress cannot “interfere with the interstate slave trade.” |
|
|
Term
| what was the compromise of 1850? |
|
Definition
He spoke on Feb 5-6th (Senate).
Clay warned the representatives that “continued sectional bickering” would result in war.
Virtually everyone wanted to “shake his hand” afterwards.
mainly clays resolutions |
|
|
Term
| what is the kansas-nebraska act? |
|
Definition
New concessions:
Creating an amendment to repeal the Missouri Compromise.
Included Kansas as a new territory. |
|
|
Term
| what were some of the motivations behind the kansas nebraska act? |
|
Definition
Motives:
Creating a transcontinental railroad was #1.
But, he also wanted to gain southern support.
Douglas may have wanted to “quiet the slavery issue.”
Most of the land annexed from Mexico was not suitable for the plantation system. |
|
|
Term
| what were some problems with the kansas-nebraska act? |
|
Definition
Problems/Legacy:
This virtually ruined his chances to be nominated for president.
MO was near KS, so many pro-slavery people may move to KS.
The Whigs would break up.
“Popular sovereignty” caused more sectional problems.
Voting on slavery made the future uncertain.
War was almost certain. |
|
|
Term
| what was the 3 part strategy of the north? |
|
Definition
First part:
Defend D.C. and put more pressure on Richmond.
Second part:
Blockade southern ports, hindering imports and transportation.
Third part:
Invade the South's “main water routes.”
The Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland Rivers. |
|
|
Term
| what was the confederates plan going into the battle of Gettysburg? |
|
Definition
Lee wanted to invade the north and win a “major battler.”
This would relieve Vicksburg.
It may also persuade enough northerners to want to end the war. |
|
|
Term
| what was the problem with the confederates plan going into Gettysburg? |
|
Definition
The Confederates did not want Gettysburg, PA to be the battle.
Union officials also did not expect to have a major battle there. |
|
|
Term
| what was the cause of the battle of Gettysburg? |
|
Definition
A Confederate “scavenging party” accidently met Union forces.
It escalated into a major battle. |
|
|
Term
| whoa was the general in charge of the union forces at the battle of Gettysburg? |
|
Definition
General George Meade:
Leader of the Union forces.
Successfully repelled several Confederate assaults. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Confederate’s last major assault during the battle.
Known as the “High Water Mark” of the Confederacy.
15,000 troops began their “suicidal advance uphill.”
Most of his men were killed or wounded. |
|
|
Term
| what was the legacy of pickets charge? |
|
Definition
| George Pickett never forgave Lee. |
|
|
Term
| what was the aftermath of the battle of Gettysburg? |
|
Definition
At least 6,000 people died.
Thousands more were wounded. |
|
|
Term
| what was the Gettysburg address? |
|
Definition
Lincoln expressed “the pain and sorrow of the brutal civil war.”
He wanted the nation to survive.
Americans need to make sure the “honored dead” did not die in vain. |
|
|
Term
| what was lees plan going into antietam? |
|
Definition
Invade the north and hope foreign powers would get involved.
Marched into MD on Sept 1862.
He wanted to get to PA. |
|
|
Term
| what significant discovery allowed the union to have an upper hand in the battle of antietam? |
|
Definition
| A Union soldier found “cigars” that were wrapped with a “secret order from Lee.” |
|
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Term
| what was the secret order hidden in the cigars? |
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Definition
| for lees troops to be divided |
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Term
| what was the outcome of the battle of antietam? |
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Definition
The Confederates were able to retreat into VA.
About 6,400 KIA, 15,000 wounded (both sides). |
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Term
| when did Lincoln sign the emancipation proclamation? |
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Definition
| after the battle of antietam |
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