• national holiday celebrating the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. 
  
• American Catholics and the Knights of Columbus pushed for this holiday
  
• wanted the discovery of America to be considered a Catholic event.
  
•  Now, Native Americans and Puerto Ricans want the truth to be told that the invasion of the Americas was a disaster for the indigenous people.

• an international division of labor with different areas taking on different tasks.
  
• the division of nations into periphery and core.
  
• core nations are perceived as having dominance over periphery.
  
• The periphery use low skill jobs to extract resources which the core then use in high skill jobs for production. assumes only one path of development for all countries.
  
• Unit of Analysis is the World System of Economic exchanges in which development and underdevelopment are not separate phenomena

• core economies had best jobs available, “differentiated labor force”;
  
• the periphery is the global south - resources are extracted from here;
  
• the core is the global north - products manufactured here using the extracted resources; core benefits economically off of the periphery while periphery remains impoverished.
  
• The Periphery = the worst jobs, usually commodity production.
  
• Social structure in Periphery = small elite of enormous wealth. Majority of people degraded labor in plantation sand mines

• the guanches were the first to become extinct by the hand of modern imperialism. 
  
• 80,000 guanches fought against the European domination
  
• five years of bloody warfare their last stronghold fell. 
  
• They did not own cattle or horses
  
• couldn’t make metal tools, making them vulnerable. 
  
• They lived in the mountains
  
• those who resisted the Spanish suffered from virgin soil epedemic.

• Inflation destabilizes medieval social relations and provides opportunities to those who can response to market opportunities.
•  Caused by the large influx of gold and silver from the Spanish trips to the New World.
  
• Destabilizes social relations all over the world.
  
• Those who manage to respond aggressively to inflation become rich and better off.
  
• Half or more of the silver that was extracted in America ends up in China for porcelain.

• 18th century
  
• process through which farmland shared in common for communal grazing and agriculture or marginal land such as fens and moors were fenced off for private use,
•  typically pasturage for wool production.
  
• The enclosure movement dramatically altered the English way of life,
•  ushering in enormous economic and social upheavals that had a profound influence on modern society.
•  seen as a shift from focusing on the “commonwealth” to the “common good” (shift from caring about personal livelihood to caring about GDP)

• (outwork/putting-out system) mobilized a work force for capitalist production.
  
• In putting-out, work was contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who completed the work in their own facilities, usually their own homes.
  
• The advantages of this system were that workers involved could work at their own speed while at home
  
• children working in the system were better treated than they would have been in the factory system.

• European economic doctrine that called for strict regulation of the economy
•  in order to ensure a balance of exports over imports (a favorable balance of trade) and increase the amount of silver and gold in a nation’s treasury.
  
• Primary objective of mercantilism was to enrich the nation by fostering a favorable balance of trade.
  
• Colonial producers would supply raw materials that the mother country could not produce,
  
• while colonial consumers demanded the finished goods that the mother country provided.

• led the most powerful state in 16th century Europe
  
• failed to lay down the foundation for enduring hegemony
•  Philip II spent his bullion on armies,conspicuous consumption, and a Big State symbolized by the Escorial ,the vast administrative palace filled with monks that Philip built near Madrid.

• When an Indian gives any thing, he expects to receive an equivalent, or to have his gift returned."
  
• Thus it was really an exchange of gifts and not a matter of selflessness.
•  A system of barter that was initially not understood by Europeans,
  
• they misinterpreted the aid and goods they received from local Indians, which were intended to be offered as trade.

• wild pigs.
  
• Europeans brought swine with them to the Americas.
  
•  These swine multiplied so rapidly, that some Caribbeans Islands were overrun by these animals. 
  
• The Europeans used fences to keep the pigs in, but they ate Indian crops, and multiplied fast.
  
•  Indians were also not used to domesticated animals, that carried diseases that they were not immune to.

• staple crop made South Carolina’s planters the richest cohorts in North America. 
  
• This crop grew so well is SC because of its swampy coast.
  
• Black majority. Became a staple south carolina crop like tobacco was for virginia.
  
• Slaves were bought for higher prices because they know how to cultivate rice.
  
• The ones that knew how to do this were west african female slaves that had grown rice in their villages.
  
• The people in south carolina were mostly men who did not want to farm because they thought it was the women's job (there were no women).
  
• The africans saw that they were starving so they offered them rice in hopes that they would be let go. The colonists instead saw what a huge profit they could make and made the west african slaves plant rice for their whole lives instead.

• New world foods to old.
  
• Columbian exchange. 
  
• Dramatically widespread exchange.    
  
•  potatoes came from the americas, they were eaten by the native americans.
  
• Potatoes were introduced to europe,
  
• became staple food for the poor and supported a tremendous population because they required less work to cultivate.
  
• Mass migrations of people to america due to deceased potatoes.
•  Potatoes were so important to europeans, the irish mass immigrated to america because when their potatoes became deceased, they had nothing else to eat and were starving.

• Founded by the Calvert aristocrat family,
•  wanted to have a place for Catholics in the New World. 
  
• They grew tobacco,
  
• didn’t like Virginia due to economic competition and they wanted also to make a profit. 
  
• Inhabited land that Virginians wanted to expand on, named in honor of Charles I’s wife. 
  
• Also became a home for many English convicts.

• Founded with the purpose of enhancing military security for SC,
  
• aiding the “worthy poor” by providing them with land, employment, and a new start.
  
• South Carolina liked Georgia because it formed a buffer between them and Spanish Florida. 
  
• The trustees of this land wanted to ensure that Georgia would become a small farmers’ utopia. 
  
• Economy was based on rice cultivation,
  
• trustees wanted them to produce silk and wine so England would not have to import those anymore.

• export duties placed on tobacco. 
  
• Caused many small planters to go into debt, and some were even forced back into servitude.
  
• It stipulated that goods could be imported into territories of the English Commonwealth only by English ships, or by ships of the country originally producing the goods being carried.
  
• This was intended to cripple the freight trade, upon which Dutch commerce depended.

• monopolized the English slave trade until the late 17th century;
•  English merchants didn’t like the monopoly;
  
• Parliament eventually opened slave trade to all;
  
• The number of slaves transported on English ships then increased dramatically.
  
• The company continued slaving until 1731, when it abandoned slaving in favour of trafficking in ivory and gold dust.

• royal governor of Virginia. 
  
• Was the co-founder of the Carolinas. 
  
• Was also involved in the founding of New Jersey. 
  
• Was guided by royalist ideals.
  
• He helped maintain the colony's growth and helped it into a stable period where economy and politics boomed.
  
• he also experienced resistance by the House of Burgess which enabled him powerless in terms of sovereignty. 
  
• Came from an estate in the original feudal part of england, he was not the oldest in the family, so he could not inherit his families estate.
  
• He had very little social authority for being a younger son. In virginia, he sees he can reproduce this stark inequality, but with him on top. He becomes the royal governor and serves for 35 years. In virginia, he had social power, In england, he did not. When he gets to Virginia, he builds a huge mansion called Greenspring; was the biggest house in Virginia. Colony was dominated by Berkley and his friends, whom he gave lots of property so that they could prosper. They were basically bullies in the early Virginia.

• legal contract between two parties, particularly for indentured labour or a term of apprenticeship but also for certain land transactions.
  
• indentured servants accounted for three quarters of all immigrants to Virginia.
  
• They were promised land and quick riches once their four to seven year terms ended. 40 percent of servants did not survive to the end of their indentured terms.
  
• Indentured servants were poor people brought over from Europe to work in the new colonies (especially Virginia).
  
• They were cheaper than slaves but were not as desirable after a while because they did not last as long in the hold of their master, plus they tended to died very early on.
  
• From notes: High level of unemployment; population grew too much in proportion to the economy. People would bring servants over from England because it would gain them land (aka: the more people you bring to the new colonies, the more land you were given for your “services”). Was nearly impossible to leave servitude, most died often in servitude. Could often be “fined” for arbitrary things and gain even more time on their servitude sentence.

Also from notes: Black slaves cost more than white servants because they were much stronger and could hold against diseases like malaria and yellow fever. Blacks soon became a black majority in 1710 in South Carolina but never in Virginia.

• Nathaniel Bacon came to Virginia from England expecting to receive every favor from the governor, William Berkeley, especially the right to trade with the Indians. 
  
• However, Berkeley refused to grant him this permission, since he already held a monopoly on the Indian trade. 
  
• Bacon, along with others turned away by Berkeley, forced the Jamestown assembly into allowing him to kill the Indians. 
  
• When he did this, he was declared a rebel by Berkeley. 
  
• A battle began between Bacon’s men and Berkeley’s men.

• name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I and son Charles II during the English Civil War;
  
• they like feudal England. 
  
• Liked “Deep play.” They were gentlemen that loved their king, and were loyal to their country with God being central in their lives. 
  
• They were typically married and had rural estates.
  
• Others saw them as hard drinking and frivolous man, who rarely, if ever, thought of God

• Gullah may have arisen independently in South Carolina and Georgia in the 18th and 19th centuries,
  
• African slaves on rice plantations developed their own creole language combining features of the English
  
• combined America english with the West and Central African languages
  
• According to this view, Gullah is an independent development in North America.

• ordained priest who was very critical of the Catholic Church as an institution. 
  
• He was excommunicated by the catholic church in germany. 
  
• Believed that people should read the Bible for themselves
  
• He even went as far as to post 95 theses attacking the Catholic hierarchy for selling salvation in the form of indulgences on the door of a local church.
  
•  Luther believed that salvation was a “free gift” from God to those with faith, even undeserving sinners. 
  
• Created Lutheran religion.

• belief of Martin Luther that salvation was a “free gift” to undeserving sinners with faith. 
  
• The ability to live a good life could NOT be the cause of salvation, but its consequence. 
  
• Once men and women believed they had saving faith, moral behavior was possible.

• one of Martin Luther’s principal ideas. 
  
• This idea consisted of every person having the right of priests
  
• that salvation did not come only through the church and its clergy. 
  
• This was seen as an assault on the Church, along with many of his other beliefs.

• was a military dictator,
  
• he was extremely religious,
• disapproved of Charles I,
  
• was a Puritan landowner,
  
• was going to leave, but then recruited to revolt against the King.  Rallied Parliament to rebel, they gave him more authority
  
• creates first Revolutionary army in history of soldiers who weren’t reared to be soldiers; won for a while.
• he overthrew Charles I and signed the death warrant of King Charles I
• Despite opposition from his council, he allowed Jews to settle in England
• he went to Ireland and committed a genocide against Catholics, making him one of the most hated figures in Irish History.
• He temporarily turned England into a republican commonwealth

• Separatists who attempted to move to Virginia, but went a little too far north on their ship the Mayflower
  
• first European settlers in New England. 
  
• They named this area Plymouth. 
  
• The pilgrims suffered with disease and starvation, but eventually received help from natives
• were Puritan Separatists
  
•  They believed the Church of England was too corrupt to be saved and therefore, decided it was best to leave England.
  
• They moved to Holland because the Dutch had freedom of religion, but their children began taking on other religions so they left for Virginia.
  
• land in New England where they landed very sick and malnourished, 88 left alive.
  
• They founded the first permanent English settlement in New England.
• They arrived too late to farm, half of them died
• They enlisted the help from the native Wampanoags who wanted to trade with them  and receive assistance against other native enemies. thus “Thanksgiving"

• Home to many Puritan families, the mother of Massachusetts Bay.
•  Brought East Anglia culture with them to MA. 
  
• The agricultural revolution came early to East Anglia;
  
• a regime of mixed farming, which supplied food for urban markets and wool for a local textile industry; the most densely settled and highly urbanized part of New England with many small seaports and market towns
  
• unemployment and poverty were major problems.

• members of a Protestant denomination that originated as part of the Puritan movement. 
  
• Congregationalists believed that each individual congregation should conduct its own religious affairs, answering to no higher authority .

• came to Boston sharing the sermon of her minister in Massachusetts, as well as her own beliefs. 
  
• The fact that a woman was talking about such things made authorities uneasy, and she was accused of being a heretic. 
  
• She was eventually expelled by the Bay Colony government.
  
• she opened the way for dissenters of the New England with Roger Williams.
  

• traditional practice of wrapping one person in a bed accompanied by another, usually as a part of courting behavior,
  
• a board between them, and a trumpet like instrument to talk to one another.
  
• The tradition is thought to have originated either in the Netherlands or in the British Isles and later became common in Colonial America, especially in Pennsylvania Dutch Country.
  
• When used for courtship, the aim was to allow intimacy without sexual intercourse, avoiding high premarital sex rates.

• his sociology attempted to explain the shift from a traditional society bound by custom to the modern world dominated by economic calculation and pursuit of efficiency.
  
• Most contemporary historians find Weber's theories simplistic, but Weber drew attention to the correlation between the rise of capitalism and the transformation of values associated with the Reformation.
•   Related Protestant work ethic to Capitalism. Idea of “Wordly Asceticism” (severe self discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons). 
  
• Time=Money.

• an intellectual movement in Europe during the 17th century. 
  
• Stressed the use of human reason to promote social progress by discovering the laws that governed both nature and society. 
  
• Many more people became educated – over half of all white men were literate.
  
• Emphasis on reason, liberty, democracy, Republicanism and religion.
•   Took scientific reasoning and applied it to human nature, society & religion. 
  
• Enlightenment in America was a contributing factor to the American Revolution, as colonists began to realized that Britain was corrupt.

• Believed in a religious philosophy, observation of the natural world, without the need for organized religion. 
  
• Can determine that the universe is the creation of an all powerful creator.  
• They rejected supernatural events such as prophecies and miracles.
•   Many believe that the Founding Fathers were deists with their idea of religious freedom.

• policy pursued by the British empire in governing the American colonies until the end of the Seven Years War. 
  
• With this policy, the British empire did not have much involvement in the colonies, giving them more freedom and independence. 
  
• Aside from passing a few laws to regulate trade, restrict manufacturing, or direct monetary policy,
  
• Parliament made no effort to assert its authority in America until after the war.
  
•  Believed that if no restrictions were placed on the colonies, then they would flourish. 
  
• Contributing factor to the American Revolution, Britain didn’t assert their power.

• The Currency Act of 1764 was passed after the French and Indian War had ended.
  
• The act banned the use of paper money in all colonies. In passing this, the British government was attempting to have a greater amount of control over the individual colonies.
  
• This was just one of a series of acts which led to greater discontent amongst the colonists.
  
• It created financial problems for the colonies as they had a short supply of gold & silver. 
  
• Eventually, this discontent would lead to the American Revolution.

• Was a lawyer that led Virginia’s House of Burgesses opposition and protest to the Stamp Act. 
  
• Also petitioned to repeal the Sugar Act. 
  
• Believed that the right to tax Americans resided with elected officials.
•   When news of this protesting spread to the other colonies, they followed suit.
  
• Of Scotch Irish decent.

• Radical group in the colonies that consisted of traders, lawyers and prosperous artisans.
  
• They organized lower classes to protest. 
  
• The sons of liberty opposed to the Stamp Act
  
• also were involved in causing rebellion during the Town shed Acts and the Tea Act.
  
• To protest the Tea Act, the Sons of Liberty dressed up as Indians and threw British tea off of three ships that were anchored at Boston Harbor. 
  
• Coordinated throughout various colonies, formed a bigger organization.

• election borough in Britain with a small population. 
  
• Initially, these boroughs were larger, and assigned representatives due to their size. 
  
• However, when their population dwindled down, their amount of representatives did not account for that. 
  
• Due to such, it was easy for the voters of these boroughs, of very few people, to be bribed by the executive government into voting certain people into Parliament

• created to enforce the Navigation Acts and to prosecute smugglers.
  
•  Colonial courts without juries that were presided over by royally appointed justices.
  
• They served to resolve disputes among merchants and seamen.
•  Operated differently in than the Common-Law courts. Didn't use a jury system, the judge heard all evidence and testimony made ruling.
•  Mostly used for only commercial matters. The legal concept of the Vice-Admiralty courts was that a defendant was assumed guilty until they proved himself innocent.

• Battle in New York, was the turning point of the American Revlution,
  
• most of Burgoyne's (British General) army was captured. 
  
• Victory gave Americans hope as Philadelphia had just fell to the British. 
  
• Also made the French see that America was strong, had confidence in them, so they became allies.

• Many Committees of Safety were established in colonies at the start of the American Revolution.
  
• They were formed in 1774 to keep watch on the distrusted royal government. 
  
• Grew from the less formal Sons of Liberty groups. 
  
• The local militias were usually under the control of the committees, they sent representatives to the county and colony-level assemblies to represent their local interests.
  
• By 1775 they had become the operating government of all the colonies, as the royal officials were expelled.

• in massachusettes  land was distributed by freehold system.
• Freehold system – didnt give them any more and didn’t give them any less. Only enough to support family

• Was the king of England. 
  
• He struggled for power with Parliament,
  
• handled inflation (due to silver and gold found by Spain) badly. 
  
• Needed money for war with Spain, Parliament wouldn’t give it to him. 
  
• Had to tax people, made him disliked. 
  
• Was king during the English Civil War, fought (with help from Scots) against Cromwell & Parliament. 
  
• Was put to trial, and beheaded.

• The time period when the monarchy was restored in England, and the time immediately after. 
  
• Charles II became king, Oliver Cromwell was convicted of treason. 
  
• The Church of England was restored as the official church of England. 
  
• Bishops were restored to Parliament, royalists came back to England. 
  
• Advance in colonization and overseas trade, revival of drama/literature.

• group of New England colonies that were consolidated into a single entity
•  ruled by a royal governor and royally appointed council. 
  
• All of the assemblies of these colonies were abolished. 
  
• This group was made under the rule of James II – when he was exiled, the dominion of New England was dismembered.

• overthrow of James II by Parliament. 
  
• His daughter took his throne, due to her agreement of working with Parliament. 
  
• This asserted that Parliament’s authority, rule by the legislative branch of government, would be supreme in the governing of England.

• Sir Edmund Andros (6 December 1637 – 24 February 1714) was an English colonial administrator in NE.
  
• He was known most notably for his governorship of the dominion of New england during most of its three-year existence.
  
• Was known as an effective govenor.

• legislative measure introduced by the British Parliament,
  
• seeking to restrict manufacturing activities in British colonies,
  
• particularly in North America, and encourage manufacture to take place in Great Britain.
  
• It said duty on the import of pig iron from America, and also duty on bar iron important from london should cease.

• leader of the Quakers. 
  
• Penn was favored by Charles II, who granted him the land between New Jersey and Maryland, which would become Pennsylvania.
  
•  This area became a refuge for Quakers while producing income for Penn. 
  
• Penn publicized this colony, and there was a great migration to this area.

• Pennsylvania’s council was initially composed of rich investors, who Penn had granted with large tracts of land and trade monopolies.
• These investors  brought about constant political strife. 
  
• This revised constitution stripped its council of legislative power – the council was now only responsible for advising the governor.
•  It also limited Penn’s privileges as proprietor to the ownership of ungranted land and the power to veto legislation

• the doctrine of inner light
  
• everyone capable of salvation;
  
• Christ died not merely for a chosen few, but for all humanity
  
• "twice-born Christians" with characteristic troubled youth, conversion, and productive maturity characterized by "optimistic fatalism"

• immigrants and their descendants from southwestern Germany and Switzerland
• settled in Pennsylvania in the 17th and 18th centuries.
  
• Most were Lutheran, or Anabaptists
• spoke their own dialect of Pennsylvania German. 
  
• They became farmers and used German farming techniques that proved to be highly productive.

• Scots that regretted settling in northern Ireland
  
• migrated to the Americas in kinship groups, frequently led by clan leaders. 
  
• Many went to Pennsylvania

• Reverend of Massachusetts during the First Great Awakening. 
  
• His Calvinist preaching was combined with descriptions of God’s grace and terrifying portrayals of eternal damnation.

• plan created at the Albany Congress by Benjamin Franklin. 
  
• Since their was an imminent war about to take place between France and England, Franklin suggested that a federal council made up representatives from each colony be created so that each colony could assume responsibility for a united colonial defense against the French. 
  
• Not one legislature approved this idea.

• Major General that led British troops to a French outpost in Ohio,
  
• Fort Duquesne, in the Seven Years War, where they were ambushed and cut to pieces. 
  
• Since he was killed and his troop was cut in half, George Washington took over his army in a retreat

• Came out of retirement to direct the Seven Years War between Britain and France. 
  
• Pitt took control of the battle, and with his help, the tide of the battle turned.
  
•  Initially, France was dominating the battle, but Pitt helped to turn that around.
  
•  He did this by focusing the full strength of the british army on beating the French in america

• a band of Scots-Irish farmers that that protested the government’s inadequate protection of frontier settlers. 
  
• They did so by killing a number of Indians in Pennsylvania. 
  
• When the men started moving towards Philadelphia with their guns in protests, Benjamin Franklin intervened, promising to redress their complaints.

• westerners that organized to protest the corruption of the local government. 
  
• Western farmers seized the county courts in response to such, leading them into a battle with the eastern militia. 
  
• The easterners won this battle, leaving westerners with an enduring hostility towards the east.

• western vigilantes that took justice into their own hands after their assembly refused to set up courts in the backcountry. 
  
• They eventually threatened their way into having courts extended westward.

• Thomas Malthus; Said that population is growing exponentially while resources are growing arithmetically; saw population as outpacing agricultural production; explanation for problems resulting from overpopulation;
  
• The European economy entered a vicious circle in which hunger and chronic, low-level debilitating disease reduced the productivity of labourers, and so the grain output was reduced, causing grain prices to increase.
  
• Standards of living fell drastically, diets grew more limited, and Europeans as a whole experienced more health problems.

• After the French and Indian war (seven years war) ended in 1763, the French had to give up their territory west of the colonies to the British.
  
•  Britain gained all territory east of the Mississippi River.  The colonists were happy at first, but the proclamation of 1763 closed off the western frontier (from Ohio to Mississippi River, Atlantic Coast to the border of Florida) to colonial expansion. 
  
• The king and his council presented this as a measure to calm fears of the Indians, who felt the colonists would drive them from their lands in order to expand west. 
  
• Colonists believed this was a move by the British to keep the colonists pinned along the Atlantic coast, making it easier to regulate them.
  
•  The colonies in turn had to pay to regulate the defense of this line.
  
•  This amounted to a tax on the colonies to pay for a matter of Imperial regulation that was opposed to the interest of the colonies.

• thought that an absolute monarch was very dangerous.
•  Locke's ideas of "God-given rights" and his idea of consent for government and law most likely greatly influenced the ideas of real Whigs.
  
• They didn't support Grenville, as he was the first person to institute taxes upon the colonies for the purpose of creating revenue rather than regulating trade, which made him an incredibly unpopular figure in the Revolutionary America period.

• The Glorious Revolution affirmed the supremacy of Parliament, but colonial governors sought to exercise powers in the colonies that the king had lost in England.
  
• The colonial assemblies, aware of events in England, attempted to assert their "rights" and "liberties." The colonial legislatures held two significant powers similar to those held by the English Parliament: the right to vote on taxes and expenditures, and the right to initiate legislation rather than merely act on proposals of the governor.
  
• The legislatures used these rights to check the power of royal governors and to pass other measures to expand their power and influence.
•  This lead to the divergence between American and English interests.
  
• In many cases, the royal authorities did not understand the importance of what the colonial assemblies were doing and simply neglected them.
• In this way, the colonial legislatures established the right of self- government.

• imposed by the British parliament on the American colonies. 
  
• Placed taxes on legal documents, custom papers, college diplomas, playing cards, and dice. 
  
• Served notice that parliament claimed the authority to tax the colonies directly and for the sole purpose of raising revenue. 
  
• Colonies rioted against this act

• William III established this as "an organization able to send priests and schoolteachers to America to help provide the Church's ministry to the colonists".
  
• They soon established the steeple on churches and the Episcopal Church in the United States.
  
• They owned many slaves on Codrington plantation in Barbados and the death rate was very high.

• first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company, a company comprised of Puritans. 
  
• This company received a charter to land in New England, and they established the town of Boston. 
  
• Created a framework of government for the colony.

• A good man must seek to do right in the world, but when wrong was done to him he must punish the wrongdoer himself by an act of retribution that restored order and justice in the world. 
  
• Applies to the broader class of legal systems that specify formulaic penalties for specific crimes, which are thought to be fitting in their severity.
  
• ie: An eye for an eye.

• Englishman's rights became his rank, and set him apart from other less fortunate than himself. 
  
•  A hierarchy in which people were ranked accoridng to many degrees of unfreedom, and they received their rank by the operation of fortune, which played so large a part in the thinking of Virginians. 
  
• a status system in which liberty was a jealously guarded aristocratic privilege that entitled some men to rule the lives of others.

• England idea. freedom to determine the course of one's own society

- a society that maximized a person’s possibility to be saved

• Quaker idea. Respect for all human beings to pursue their own fulfillment.

• Frontier idea. a freedom without restraints of law or custom.not a reciprocal ideal, no right of dissent or disagreement that could not be defended by individual or primary group with force