Term
| What is cystitis? What are some clinical signs that would be seen? |
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Definition
inflammation of the bladder; signs are pollakiuria, dysuria, stranguria, and hematuria (with or w/o infection)
*client picks up on the signs |
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Term
| What are uroliths? where are most seen, male or female? if they are in the urethra, what happens? |
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Definition
calculi or stones (made of minerals that come together) in the kidney, ureter, bladder (most common) and urethra; most seen in the female bladder (they are bigger so stuck in bladder, not too big problem bc can walk around for while with them)
*if in the urethra, then see obstruction and more common in males bc smaller stones so get stuck especially in male bc long and narrows in places |
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Term
| An obstruction in the urethra or other place is a... |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the term urolith mean? What is normal amount seen in small animal? How are they formed? What common factors lead to it being formed? |
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Definition
"urine rocks"; less than 1% is seen normally; they are formed by the nucleus forming first (s.th serves as it, many things can) and then get crystal precipitation around it in concentrated urine
*pH dependent formation and diet related |
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Term
| Once formed, uroliths can do what? |
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Definition
| pass out of the urinary tract, dissolve on own, remain in bladder, obstruct the urethra (in males more often again at the os penis or ischiatic arch) |
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Term
| Why do stones obstruct males so often? |
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Definition
| the urethra narrows coming out of the bladder, gets narrow at os penis and turns on self at ischiatic arch so narrows again; many places get stuck |
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Term
| A blocked dog looks how and is most likely from what cause? A blocked cat? |
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Definition
| painful, licking, cause = stones; in cat --> bc of grit and not stones, will be straining, crying, no urine |
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Term
| What occurs in the process of urethral obstruction? |
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Definition
pressure backs up to the kidneys after becoming blocked; rapid onset azotemia (animal gets depressed), hyperkalemia common (where K+ increasing bc kidney not relieving and passing waste out); death follows unless obstruction relieved for dog and cat (bc K+ stops the heart)
*step 1- relieve obstruction by pushing stone back in or urethrotomy (cut over urethra...not fun for them)
*step 2- after sx, radiograph or ultrasound to make sure got all stones out or have unhappy clients! |
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Term
| What is the role of crystals to the technician? |
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Definition
| more common than stones...usually present with stones if seen; clinical sig overrated bc most dogs have them but no stones |
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Term
Name some types of stones
*are all major in eyes of vet med? |
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Definition
struvite (phosphate) which looks like grit sometimes; oxalate, urate, cystine, silica
*have to know which type in order to prevent or comes back (HIGH recurrence rate)
*usually have one major and couple minor ones |
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Term
| Name some features about struvite uroliths |
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Definition
| struvite most common type urolith (50-55%); called Mg Ammonium Phosphate aka triple phosphate or phosphate (may or may not be triple present); appear in alkaline urine; bacterial infection very common with this ("infection stones" bc ass'd with infection so much); most common in bladder of female |
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Term
| How are struvites diagnosed? |
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Definition
| by radiography bc theyre radiodense (so will show up) and contrast study not usually needed; urinalysis (coffin lid crystals, ph >7) |
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Term
| what kind of stones do dogs get? |
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Definition
| struvite; calcium oxalate; urate; silica; cystine |
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Term
| What is a pneumocystogram? |
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Definition
| where insert catheter in bladder, pump in air and xray; air = negative constrast (a positive contrast not work for stones, not see them well) |
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Term
| How do you treat struvite stones? |
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Definition
control infection; acidify urine; calculolytic diet (s/d) or the stone diet which contains high salt, low phosphorus, low mg, and low protein; or surgery
*with the diet, takes longer and over time stones dissolve, 3mo or 6mo etc, usually for females and males must remove the stones...can't try to wait, only surgery if obstructed |
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Term
| Can you just guess at what stones are by looking at them? |
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Definition
| No, must send out to see what it is; analyze! Should do before pay all money for surgery or food but clients don't want to sometimes |
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Term
| Are contrast studies always needed for stones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a staghorn calculus? |
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Definition
| in the kidney; usually must euthanize animal because dying...no way remove both kidneys with stones in them |
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Term
| Name features of calcium oxalate crystals in dogs |
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Definition
| 26-35% of canine uroliths; most common in fru fru dogs like min schnauzer and lhasa apso and yorkshire terrier; form in acid urine; signs are same...PU/PD, hematuria, and pollakiuria |
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Term
| How do you dx calcium oxalate stones? |
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Definition
| radiography bc radiodense; urinalysis, look like square with x although crystals not always apparent in urine |
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Term
| how do you tx calcium oxalate crystals in dogs? |
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Definition
cystotomy often needed; diet won't dissolve them! (need make choice then bc dog has stones so what to do...)
*diets exist to help PREVENT stones but not dissolve and tx- Hills Xd (are clients willing pay money on that?) |
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Term
| Describe features of urate uroliths |
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Definition
| dalmations get these more bc cant metabolize uric acid well, bulldog too recently bc same genetic defect; excrete lg quantities in urine; no stones w/o crystals here! most small and spherical (commonly block male urethra); have 1 or many present; radiolucent (xray pass thru but shows up on ultrasound), need sx (cystotomy); small ones are male problem and lg are female bc males have smaller urethra |
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Term
| How do you prevent urate stones? |
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Definition
| diet with low protein, alkaline producing diet (conc urine helps stone production-bad) with no extra salt U/D; allopurinol which inhibits production of uric acid; control urinary tract infection; increase urine volume |
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Term
| Name features of cystine stones |
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Definition
| not very common; inherited metabolic defect; cystine not reabsorbed like should be and cystinuria is present! stones are radiolucent, form in acid pH, most in male's urethra (bc small stones); should've seen in urine as crystals first! |
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Term
| Name features of silica stone? Do you see as much? |
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Definition
| Not common, rare; silica is ingredient in glass...since not eating glass must be coming from a source; look at water source...from water supply usually with silica in it |
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Term
| How do you analyze stones? |
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Definition
| cant tell by looking, many of mixed nature and need quantitative analysis by sending out to ID everything; need to know to tx and prevent recurrence; HIGH RECURRENCE rate if no change diet etc |
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Term
| Is it only small animals getting stones? |
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Definition
| no, goats can get...or plugged bc of stone in urethral process "water belly" |
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Term
| Is it always a stone that blocks a dog? |
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Definition
| no, TCTS (trans. cell tumors) can make look like stone and not be able pass catheter sometimes; look under microscope and are the trans cells normal looking? |
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Term
| Is feline urolithiasis uncommon or common? |
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Definition
| More common...ppl see faster than with dogs too! |
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Term
| What does FLUTD stand for? how many cats does it affect? what signs do you see with it? how does it originate? |
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Definition
feline lower urinary tract disease (basically all disorders involving urinary probs); 1% of pop; see dysuria, pollakiuria, hematuria, and crystalluria with it; origin is diet, water consumption (HUGE bc cats dont drink enough and cats can concentrate urine better, increases opportunity to make crystals) and stress
*pathology different from dogs |
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