Term
| T or F: the constancy of body fluid volumes and the levels of many important chemicals required for normal metabolic activity in every body cell depend on normal urinary system functions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| system responsible for excreting liquid waste from the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two most obvious functions of the urinary system |
|
Definition
| producing and excreting urine from the body |
|
|
Term
| 3 processes of urine formation: |
|
Definition
| filtration, reabsorption, and secretion |
|
|
Term
| functions of the kidneys: |
|
Definition
1. clean the blood
2. maintaining blood pressure
3. stimulating rbc production
4. regulating electrolytes
5. blood pH levels
6. acid-base balance
7. producing and excreting urine |
|
|
Term
| high levels of nitrogen containing waste products in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organs of the urinary system |
|
Definition
| two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra |
|
|
Term
| the _______ kidney is lower than the ________ kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: the kidneys are protected a bit by the lower rib cage and are located under the muscles of the back and in front of the parietal peritoneum (membrane that lines the abdominal cavity) |
|
Definition
| false: behind the paritoneum (retroperitoneal position) |
|
|
Term
| t or f: the kidney normally has a heavy cushion of fat encasing it to help hold it in place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normally, a little more than ____% of blood pumped by the heart each minute enters the kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the rate of blood flow through the __________ is among the highest in the body; this is because one of its main functions is to remove waste products from the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| maintenance of a (HIGH/LOW) rate of blood flow and normal blood pressure in the kidneys is essential for the formation of urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Renal Cortex
2. Renal Medulla
3. Renal Pyramids
4. Renal Papilla
5. Renal Pelvis
6. Calyx
(cheerful men poop purple crap) |
|
|
Term
| the outer part of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the inner portion of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the triangular divisions of the medulla of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| extensions of cortical tissue that dip down into the medulla between the renal pyramids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| narrow, innermost end of a pyramid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an expansion of the upper end of a ureter; basin-like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| division of the renal pelvis; cup-shaped area where the papilla opens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| more than a __________ microscopic units called nephrons make up each kidney's interior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anatomical and functional unit of the kidney, consisting of the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a nephron look like? |
|
Definition
| a tiny funnel with a very long stem, with a lot of convolutions at the top- like a dandelion with a brain at the top! |
|
|
Term
| two principle components of the nephron |
|
Definition
1. renal corpuscle
2. renal tubule |
|
|
Term
| the renal corpuscle is divided into ____ parts, the renal tubule is divided into ____ parts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parts of the renal corpuscle |
|
Definition
1. bowman's capsule
2. glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| parts of the renal tubule |
|
Definition
1. proximal convoluted tubule
2. loop of Henle
3. Distal convoluted tubule
4. collecting tubule |
|
|
Term
| the cup-shaped top of a nephron that surrounds the glomerulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a network of blood capillaries tucked into bowman's capsule; compact cluster |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the small artery that delivers blood to the glomerulus is (LARGER/SMALLER) in diameter than the blood vessel that drains blood from it and is relatively short. This explains the high blood pressure that exists in the glomerular capillaries that is required to filter wastes from blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| artery that delivers blood |
|
Definition
| afferent (A means towards) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first segment of a renal tubule; lies nearest the tubule's origin from Bowman's capsule, and has several bends |
|
Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| the extension of the proximal tubule; consists of a straight descending limb, a harpin loop, and a straight ascending limb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the part of the tubule distal to the ascending limb of the loop of Henle; it is an extension of the ascending limb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a straight, non-convoluted part of a renal tubule formed by distal tubules of several nephrons joining together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the renal corpuscles and both proximal and distal convoluted tubules are located in the (MEDULLA/CORTEX) of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the loop of Henle and collecting tubules are located in the (MEDULLA/CORTEX) of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: urine from the collecting tubules exits the pyramid through the papilla and enters the calyx and renal pelvis before flowing into the ureter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: The kidneys don't usually balance the amount of substances entering and leaving the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| accumulate as a result of protein breakdown and quickly reach toxic levels if not excreted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if kidney function ceases, life can be maintained by: |
|
Definition
| using an artificial kidney to cleanse the blood of wastes |
|
|
Term
these are all (NORMAL/ABNORMAL) urine characteristics:
Transparent, yellow, Na+, Cl-, K+, ammonia, creatinine, urea, uric acid, bacteria, blood cells, casts, urine pigments, slight odor, pH 4.6-8, Specific Gravity 1.001-1.035 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
these are all (NORMAL/ABNORMAL) characteristics of urine:
cloudy, acetone, albumin, bile, glucose, acetone odor, high alkalosis, high specific gravity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the _________ regulate the proper balance between body water content and salt by selectively retaining or excreting both substances as requirements demand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cells of the ____________ ___________ function in blood pressure regulation; when blood pressure is low, these cells secrete renin to initiate contriction of blood vessels and thus raise blood pressure |
|
Definition
| juxtaglomerular apparatus |
|
|
Term
| hormone that initiates contriction of blood vessels and raises blood pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do the kidneys play a role in maintaining adequate rbc numbers? |
|
Definition
| they produce a hormone that stimulates production and normal maturation of rbcs in the bone marrow and then helps to prolong the life of mature rbcs in circulating blood; explains why patients with chronic kidney function are often anemic |
|
|
Term
| fluid waste excreted by the kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three processes of urine formation |
|
Definition
| filtration, reabsorption, secretion |
|
|
Term
| movement of water and solutes through a membrane by a higher hydrostatic pressure on one side |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| filtration goes on continually in the renal ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal glomerular filtration occurs at ____mL per minute |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| about ___L of glomerular filtrate is produced every day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water and dissolved substances forced out of the blood in the glomerular capillaries and into Bowman's capsule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does filtration occur? |
|
Definition
| glomerular into Bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
| the movement of substances out of the renal tubules into the blood capillaries located around the tubules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood capillaries located around the tubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| substances that are reabsorbed: |
|
Definition
| water, glucose, and other nutrients, sodium and other ions |
|
|
Term
| begins in the proximal convoluted tubules and continues in the loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubules, and collecting tubules (FILTRATION/REABSORPTION/SECRETION) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| approximately ___L of water are reabsorbed by osomosis each day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nearly __% of the water that leaves the blood each day returns to the blood by reabsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the nutrient (GLUCOSE/WATER) is reabsorbed from the proximal tubules into peritubular capillary blood; none of this valuable nutrient is wasted by being lost in the urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the amount of glucose in tubular fluid increases above a certain level |
|
Definition
| renal threshold level for glucose |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the renal threshold level for glucose is met? |
|
Definition
| the kidney tubular cells are no longer able to reabsorb all of it, and excess is excreted in the urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common table salt provides the body with both ________ and _______ ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where __________ goes, _________ goes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t or f: the greater the amount of sodium intake, the less the amount reabsorbed and the greater the amount excreted in the urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sodium is (ACTIVELY/PASSIVELY) transported |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chloride is (ACTIVELY/PASSIVELY) transported |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chloride is passive because they carry a (NEGATIVE/POSITIVE) charge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the kidneys (CAN/CANNOT) reabsorb potassium ions from the renal tubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drugs which stimulate the production of urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are diuretic drugs "potassium wasting"? |
|
Definition
| they increase secretion of potassium, which ultimately increases its presence in urine |
|
|
Term
| process by which substances move into urine forming in the distal collecting tubules from blood in the capillaries located around these tubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secretion is ___________ in reverse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| moves substances out of the urine into the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| moves substances out of the blood into the urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| substances that are secreted: |
|
Definition
| hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia, and certain drugs, like penicillin |
|
|
Term
(ACTIVELY/PASSIVELY) secreted:
Ammonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ACTIVELY/PASSIVELY secreted:
hydrogen, potassium, penicillin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of the glomerulus |
|
Definition
| filtration: water, sodium ions, glucose into the Bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
| function of the proximal tubule |
|
Definition
| reabsorption: water and solutes |
|
|
Term
| function of the Loop of Henle |
|
Definition
| reabsorption: sodium and chloride ions |
|
|
Term
| Distal and collecting tubule function |
|
Definition
reabsorption: water, sodium, and chloride ions
secretion: ammonnia, potassium, hydrogen ions, and some drugs |
|
|
Term
| hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that decreases the amount of urine making collecting tubules permeable to water |
|
Definition
| antidiuretic hormone (adh) |
|
|
Term
| if there is no ADH present, tubules are (PERMEABLE/IMPERMEABLE) to water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when adh is present, tubules are (PERMEABLE/IMPERMEABLE) to water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the "water retaining" hormone; "urine-decreasing" hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that plays an important part in controlling the kidney tubules' reabsorption of salt; primarily, it stimulates the tubules to reabsorbe sodium salts at a faster rate, secondarily, it increases tubular water reabsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "salt and water retaining hormone" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hormone secreted by the hearts atrial wall that stimulates kidney tubules to secrete more sodium and thus lose more water |
|
Definition
| atrial natriuretic hormone ANH |
|
|
Term
| "salt and water losing hormone" |
|
Definition
| ANH atrial natriuretic hormone |
|
|
Term
| t or f: sometimes the kidneys do not excrete normal amounts of urine as a result of dehydration, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, or stress. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an unusually large amount of urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| abbreviation used in clinical medicine to indicate the measurement of fluid intake and urine output over a period of time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal amount of urine output is about ____ to ____ mL/day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the presence of abnormally large amounts of plasma proteins in the urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteinuria usually indicates ___________ (kidney disease) because only damaged nephrons consistently allow many plasma protein molecules to leave the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| basin like upper end of the ureter located inside the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| narrow tubes less than 6mm wide and up to 25-30 cm long; long tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ has a thick muscular wall that produces peristaltic movements to assist in moving urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___________ of the ureters is richly supplied with sensory nerve endings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pain caused by the passage of a kidney stone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cause intense pain if they have sharp edges or are large enough to distend the walls or cut the lining of the ureters or urethra as they pass from kidneys to the exterior of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lies in the pelvis just behind the pubic symphysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in women, the bladder sits (IN FRONT/BEHIND) the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in men, the bladder sits (ON TOP OF/UNDERNEATH) the prostate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the bladder well suited for expanding to hold variable amounts of urine and then contraction to emptying itself? |
|
Definition
| elastic fibers and involuntary muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| bladder lies in folds of ________ when it is empty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the bladder is filled, its inner surface is (SMOOTH/WRINKLED) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| triangular area on the back or posterior surface of the bladder is free of rugae; it is always smooth; the lining membrane is tightly fixed to the deeper muscle coat; extends between the openings of the two ureters above and the point of exit of the urethra below |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mechanical device that uses the principle of dialysis to remove or seperate waste products from the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to leave the body, urine passes from the bladder, down the urethra, and out of its external opening, called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the _________ is the lowest part of the urinary tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t or f: the same sheet of mucous membrane that lines each renal pelvis, the ureters, and the bladder extends down into the urethra too; which accounts for the fact that an infection of the urethra may spread upward through the urinary tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| urethra is about __inches long in a woman |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| urethra is about __inches long in a male |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a man, the urethra has two functions: |
|
Definition
1. terminal portion of the urinary tract
2. passageway for movement of semen from the body |
|
|
Term
| in a woman, the urethra functions |
|
Definition
| as only the terminal portion of the urinary tract |
|
|
Term
| refer to the passage of urine from the body or the emptying of the bladder |
|
Definition
| micturition, urination, voiding |
|
|
Term
| true or false: urination is a reflex in infants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: most children between 2-3 years old learn to urinate voluntarily and also to inhibit voiding if the urge comes at an inconvenient time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rings of muscle tissue that guard the pathway leading from the bladder |
|
Definition
| internal urethral sphincter and external urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| sphincter located at the bladder exit |
|
Definition
| internal urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| sphincter that circles the urethra just below the neck of the bladder |
|
Definition
| external urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| true or false: when contracted, both sphincters seal off the bladder and allow urine to accumulate without leaking to the exterior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the (INTERNAL/EXTERNAL) urethral sphincter is involuntary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the (INTERNAL/EXTERNAL) urethral sphincter is voluntary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there is very little increase in pressure until the bladder reaches ___to___mL of urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a normal adult bladder may hold as much as ___mL of urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as the bladder wall stretches, nervous impulses are transmitted to the 2-4th _______ segments of the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the reflex that causes the contraction of the bladder wall and the relaxation of the internal sphincter to allow urine to enter the urethra, which is followed by urination if the external sphincter is voluntarily relaxed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition in which no urine is voided; the kidneys produce urine, but the bladder cannot empty itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition in which no urine is voided: the kidneys to not produce urine, but the bladder retains the ability to empty itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition in which the patient voids urine involuntarily; patient usually may have suffered a stroke or spinal cord injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflammation of the urinary bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complete destruction or transsection of the sacral cord produces periodic but unpredictable voiding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the urge for frequent urination; generally small amounts and feelings of extreme urgency and pain are common |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition that is treated with drugs to decrease nervous stimulation and with physical distention of the bladder with fluids to increase capacity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| specialized ultrasound generator required for finding kidney stones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breaking up kidney stones with ultrasound waves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an unusually large amount of urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| abbreviation used in clinical medicine to indicate the measurement of fluid intake and urine output over a period of time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal amount of urine output is about ____ to ____ mL/day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the presence of abnormally large amounts of plasma proteins in the urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteinuria usually indicates ___________ (kidney disease) because only damaged nephrons consistently allow many plasma protein molecules to leave the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| basin like upper end of the ureter located inside the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| narrow tubes less than 6mm wide and up to 25-30 cm long; long tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ has a thick muscular wall that produces peristaltic movements to assist in moving urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___________ of the ureters is richly supplied with sensory nerve endings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pain caused by the passage of a kidney stone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cause intense pain if they have sharp edges or are large enough to distend the walls or cut the lining of the ureters or urethra as they pass from kidneys to the exterior of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lies in the pelvis just behind the pubic symphysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in women, the bladder sits (IN FRONT/BEHIND) the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in men, the bladder sits (ON TOP OF/UNDERNEATH) the prostate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the bladder well suited for expanding to hold variable amounts of urine and then contraction to emptying itself? |
|
Definition
| elastic fibers and involuntary muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| bladder lies in folds of ________ when it is empty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the bladder is filled, its inner surface is (SMOOTH/WRINKLED) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| triangular area on the back or posterior surface of the bladder is free of rugae; it is always smooth; the lining membrane is tightly fixed to the deeper muscle coat; extends between the openings of the two ureters above and the point of exit of the urethra below |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mechanical device that uses the principle of dialysis to remove or seperate waste products from the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to leave the body, urine passes from the bladder, down the urethra, and out of its external opening, called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the _________ is the lowest part of the urinary tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t or f: the same sheet of mucous membrane that lines each renal pelvis, the ureters, and the bladder extends down into the urethra too; which accounts for the fact that an infection of the urethra may spread upward through the urinary tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| urethra is about __inches long in a woman |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| urethra is about __inches long in a male |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a man, the urethra has two functions: |
|
Definition
1. terminal portion of the urinary tract
2. passageway for movement of semen from the body |
|
|
Term
| in a woman, the urethra functions |
|
Definition
| as only the terminal portion of the urinary tract |
|
|
Term
| refer to the passage of urine from the body or the emptying of the bladder |
|
Definition
| micturition, urination, voiding |
|
|
Term
| true or false: urination is a reflex in infants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: most children between 2-3 years old learn to urinate voluntarily and also to inhibit voiding if the urge comes at an inconvenient time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rings of muscle tissue that guard the pathway leading from the bladder |
|
Definition
| internal urethral sphincter and external urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| sphincter located at the bladder exit |
|
Definition
| internal urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| sphincter that circles the urethra just below the neck of the bladder |
|
Definition
| external urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| true or false: when contracted, both sphincters seal off the bladder and allow urine to accumulate without leaking to the exterior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the (INTERNAL/EXTERNAL) urethral sphincter is involuntary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the (INTERNAL/EXTERNAL) urethral sphincter is voluntary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there is very little increase in pressure until the bladder reaches ___to___mL of urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a normal adult bladder may hold as much as ___mL of urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as the bladder wall stretches, nervous impulses are transmitted to the 2-4th _______ segments of the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the reflex that causes the contraction of the bladder wall and the relaxation of the internal sphincter to allow urine to enter the urethra, which is followed by urination if the external sphincter is voluntarily relaxed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition in which no urine is voided; the kidneys produce urine, but the bladder cannot empty itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition in which no urine is voided: the kidneys to not produce urine, but the bladder retains the ability to empty itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition in which the patient voids urine involuntarily; patient usually may have suffered a stroke or spinal cord injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflammation of the urinary bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complete destruction or transsection of the sacral cord produces periodic but unpredictable voiding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the urge for frequent urination; generally small amounts and feelings of extreme urgency and pain are common |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition that is treated with drugs to decrease nervous stimulation and with physical distention of the bladder with fluids to increase capacity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| specialized ultrasound generator required for finding kidney stones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breaking up kidney stones with ultrasound waves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| homeostasis of fluids; the volumes of interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid, and plasma and total volume of water remain relatively constant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fluid (BALANCE/IMBALANCE) means that the total volume of water in the body or amounts in one or more of its fluid compartments have increased or decreased beyond normal limits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| substance that ionizes (dissociates to form ions) in solution, rendering the solution capable of conducting an electric current; dissolves or breaks apart in water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ions are (CHARGED/NEGATIVE) particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cations are (POSITIVE/NEGATIVE) particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anions are (POSITIVE/NEGATIVE) particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three factors that must be controlled to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance: |
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Definition
1. total amount of fluid
2. distribution of fluid
3. concentration of ions and other solutes |
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Term
| plasma and interstitial fluid make up the (EXTRACELLULAR/INTRACELLULAR) fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| most abundant compound in the body |
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Definition
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Term
| the areas in the body where fluid is located |
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Definition
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Term
| two different kinds of fluid compartments |
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Definition
intracellular
extracellular |
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Term
| the water found outside of cells located in two compartments between cells (interstitial fluids) and in the blood (plasma); in addition, includes lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, humors of the eye, and the specialized joint fluids |
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Definition
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Term
| refers to the largest volume of water in the body by far; located inside the cells |
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Definition
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Term
| fluid located in the microscopic spaces between cells |
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Definition
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Term
| the main mechanism for maintaining fluid balance is that of adjusting its fluid (INPUT/OUTPUT) so that it equals its fluid (OUTAKE/INTAKE |
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Definition
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Term
| three sources of fluid intake: |
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Definition
1. liquids we drink
2. water in foods
3. water formed by catabolism of foods |
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Term
| fluid output from the body occurs through four organs: |
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Definition
| the kidneys, lungs, skin, intestines |
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Term
| t/f: the fluid output that changes the most is that coming from the kidneys |
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Definition
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Term
| t/f: the rate of water and salt resorption by the renal tubules is the most important factor in determining urine volume |
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Definition
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Term
| when a compound breaks apart in a solution |
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Definition
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Term
| compound that does not dissociate into ions in solution; ie glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| electrically charged atom or group of atoms; the dissociated particles of an electrolyte |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| short sentence to help remember how extracellular fluid electrolyte concentration affects fluid volumes |
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Definition
| where sodium goes, water soon follows |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| depressions in swollen subcutaneous tissue that result from finger pressure exerted by an examiner that do not rapidly refill, as would be expected in normal tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| controls sodium reabsorption in the kidney |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| too large a fluid input that can put a burden on the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| what regulates the movement of water between the blood and interstitial fluid? |
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Definition
| capillary blood pressure and blood protein mechanism |
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Term
| maintaining acid base balance means |
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Definition
| keeping the concentration of hydrogen ions in body fluids relatively constant |
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Term
| found in water and water solutions; produces an acidic solution; H+ |
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Definition
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Term
| found in water and water solutions; produces an alkaline solution; H- |
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Definition
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Term
| mathematical expression of relative H+ concentration (acidity) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the (HIGHER/LOWER) the hydrogen ion concentration, the lower the pH and the more acid the solution is |
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Definition
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Term
| venous blood is (MORE/LESS) alkaline than arterial blood |
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Definition
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Term
| the slightly lower pH of venous blood compared with arterial blood results primarily from |
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Definition
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Term
| three mechanisms for regulating the pH of fluids |
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Definition
| buffer mechanism, respiratory mechanism, urinary mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| chemical substances that prevent sharp change in the pH of a fluid when an acid or base is added to it |
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Definition
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