Term
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Definition
Bone hardening
Muscle contraction
Blood clotting
Nerve impulse
Metabolism |
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Definition
| Order: kidneyproduces Erythropoietin in Red bone marrow, increase in RBC that in turn increases oxygen level |
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Definition
Skin (synthesized from cholesterol
Kidney
Liver |
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Term
| Function of Urinary system |
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Definition
Elimination of waste products (Nitrogenous wastes•Toxins•Drugs)
Regulate aspects of homeostasis (•Acid-base balance in the blood, water balance, Electrolytes, •Blood pressure, Red blood cell production, Activation of vitamin D) |
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Term
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Definition
| Structural and functional unit of kidneys, responsible for forming urine. Each kidney contains millions of these tiny filters, collecting ducts collects fluid and conveys it to renal pelvis. |
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Term
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Definition
Bowman’s capsule- epithelial layer surrounding glomerulus
Glomerulus- ball of capillaries involved in filtration of blood and keeps large particles (blood, proteins) out of filtrate. Covered by podocytes (have filtration slits and foot processes that stick to it). Creates urine.
Proximal convoluted tubule PCT
Loop of Henle (nephron loop)-descending then ascending (thicker)
Distal convoluted tubule DCT
Collecting duct- medulla, turns into urine at this point
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Term
| Neuron order (also after urine formation) |
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Definition
| Bowman’s capsule. PCT. Loop of henle. DCT. Collecting duct. Calyx. Renal pelvis. Ureter. Urinary bladder. Urethra. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fed and drained by arterioles•Afferent arteriole—arises from a cortical radiate artery and feeds the glomerulus•Efferent arteriole—receives blood that has passed through the glomerulus•Specialized for filtration•High pressure forces fluid and solutes out of blood and into the glomerular capsule |
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Term
| Peritubular Capillary Beds |
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Definition
| Arise from efferent arteriole of the glomerulus•Normal, low pressure capillaries•Adapted for absorption instead of filtration•Cling close to the renal tubule to reabsorb (reclaim) some substances from collecting tubes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Urine formation: Glomerular Filtration |
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Definition
| Nonselective passive process (DIFFUSION) Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through (BP) capillary walls•Proteins and blood cells are normally too large to pass through the filtration membrane•Filtrate is collected in the glomerular capsule and leaves via the renal tubule |
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Term
| Urine formation: Tubular Reabsorption |
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Definition
| The peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances•Water•Glucose•Amino acids•Ions•Some reabsorption is passive, most is active•Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule! NOT reabsorbed: Nitrogenous waste products•Urea—protein breakdown•Uric acid—nucleic acid breakdown•Creatinine—associated with creatine metabolism in muscles |
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Term
| Urine formation: Tubular secretion |
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Definition
| some materials move from the blood of the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules•Hydrogen and potassium ions•Creatinine•Process is important for getting rid of substances not already in the filtrate•Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the ureter |
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Term
| Substances in the Urine formation (filtration, reabsorbtion, secretion) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Both sphincter muscles must open to allow voiding•The internal urethral sphincter is relaxed after stretching of the bladder•Pelvic splanchnic nerves initiate bladder to go into reflex contractions•Urine is forced past the internal urethra sphincter and the person feels the urge to void•The external urethral sphincter must be voluntarily relaxed to void. Internal = involuntary, smooth muscle. External= voluntary, skeletal muscle |
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Term
| Roles in maintaining blood composition (diet, metabolism, urine output) |
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Definition
Excretion of nitrogen-containing wastes
Maintaining water balance of the blood
Maintaining electrolyte balance of the blood
Ensuring proper blood pH |
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Term
| Distribution of body fluids |
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Definition
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Term
| Osmoreceptors (regulation of water and electrolyte reabsorption) |
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Definition
| Sensitive cells in the hypothalamus •React to small changes in solute blood composition by becoming more active•When activated, the thirst center in the hypothalamus is notified•A dry mouth due to decreased saliva also promotes the thirst mechanism |
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Term
| Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Reabsorption: Hormones/enzyme responsible |
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Definition
1.) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) •Prevents excessive water loss in urine •Causes the kidney’s collecting ducts to reabsorb more water
2.) Aldosterone •Regulates sodium ion content of ECF•Sodium is the electrolyte most responsible for osmotic water flows• Promotes reabsorption of sodium ions •Remember, water follows salt
3.) Renin-angiotensin mechanism |
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Term
| Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Reabsorption: Renin-angiotensin mechanism |
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Definition
| Mediated by the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus of the renal tubules•When cells of the JG apparatus are stimulated by low blood pressure, the enzyme renin is released into blood•Renin produces angiotensin II•Angiotensin causes vasoconstriction and aldosterone release•Result is increase in blood volume and blood pressure. |
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Term
| Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Reabsorption: Renal-angiotensin system, neural regulation, effects of ADH release |
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Definition
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Term
| Maintaing acid-base balance in blood (controlling systems) |
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Definition
Kineys
Buffer system (in blood)- bicarbonate, phosphate, protein
Respiration |
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Term
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Definition
Produces Angiotenin ll
causes 4 things: vasoconstriction of non vital organs, thirst, Aldosterone release, ADH release |
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Term
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Definition
1.) Buffer system- Acidosis: removes H+ Alkalosis: donates H+
2.) Respiratory- Acidosis: out Co2 Alkalosis: retain Co2
3.) Kidney- Acidosis: removes H+, retains HCo3 Alkalosis: retains H+, removes HCo3 |
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Term
| Respiratory problem vs Metabolic problem |
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Definition
if Respiratory problem= KIDNEY will fix
if Metabolic problem= RESPIRATORY will fix |
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Term
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Definition
increase of Co2= Acidosis (H+ increase)
decrease of Co2= Alkalosis |
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Term
| Acid base comparison chart: respiratory and metabolic Acidosis/Alkalosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
pH: 7.35-7.45
Co2: 35-42 mEg/L
HCO3-: 22-28 mEg/L |
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Term
| Respiratory System Controls of Acid-Base Balance |
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Definition
| Carbon dioxide in the blood is converted to bicarbonate ion and transported in the plasma•Increases in hydrogen ion concentration produces more carbonic acid•Excess hydrogen ion can be blown off with the release of carbon dioxide from the lungs•Respiratory rate can rise and fall depending on changing blood pH |
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Term
| Renal Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance |
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Definition
| •When blood pH rises•Bicarbonate ions are excreted •Hydrogen ions are retained by kidney tubules•When blood pH falls•Bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed•Hydrogen ions are secreted•Urine pH varies from 4.5 to 8.0 |
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Term
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Definition
Molecules react to prevent dramatic changes in hydrogen ion (H+) concentrations•Bind to H+ when pH drops•Release H+ when pH rises•Three major chemical buffer systems•Bicarbonate buffer system•Phosphate buffer system•Protein buffer system
Strong acid +weak base= weak acid |
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