Term
| Name 2 hormones that the kidneys release |
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Definition
| Erythropoietin and calcitriol |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| There are 11 steps involved in micturition, what are they? |
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Definition
| Bladder fills with urine. Stretch receptors in wall of bladder are stimulated. Nerve impulses are sent to micturition centre in sacral spinal cord (sensory). Nerve impulses return (motor). Detrusor muscle contracts. Nerve impulse sent to cerebral cortex of brain. Desire to urinate is experienced. Nerve impulses return. Voluntary control over external urethral sphincter. Urination occurs. Nerve impulses from the pons keep the reflex going. |
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Term
| What is reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption? |
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Definition
Glucose and amino acids completely. H2O, Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, HCO3- largely. Ca2+, Mg2+, HPO4- somewhat.
Urea, uric acid limited. |
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Term
| Expain glomerular filtration |
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Definition
| Blood plasma is filtered into nephron. The fluid moves from glomerulus into the glomerular capsule. The fluid is now known as glomerular filtrate. |
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Term
| What is the renal pelvis? |
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Definition
| A cavity that collects urine from the calyces and carries it to the ureter. |
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Term
| What is the renal capsule of the kidney? |
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Definition
| It is a transparent membrane that maintains organ shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| There is one from each kidney. It is a tube that connects the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder. |
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Term
| How does the urine travel into the bladder? |
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Definition
| In the ureters, mainly by peristalsis. Hydrostatic pressure and gravity contribute. |
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Term
| How many litres of filtrate are reabsorbed each day? |
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Definition
178 - 179 in males
148 - 149 in females |
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Term
| What is the capacity of the urinary bladder? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the anatomy of the urinary bladder |
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Definition
| The trigone is a smooth flat area borded by 2 ureteral openings and 1 urethral opening. |
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Term
| Name another function of the kidney (involving excretion and breakdown) |
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Definition
| Excretions of wastes and foreign substances. Breakdown of: creatine phosphate, haemoglobin, drugs & toxins, and other hormones. |
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Term
| How much of the resting cardiac output supplies the kidneys? |
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Definition
| 25% via the renal arteries |
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Term
| Name 3 functions of the kidney involving regulation |
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Definition
Regulation of blood ionic composition (Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+ etc)
Regulation of blood pH and glucose
Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure |
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Term
| What is the renal fascia of the kidneys? |
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Definition
| It is dense, irregular connective tissue that holds the kidney to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity against the posterior body wal. |
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Term
| What is the renal cortex? |
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Definition
| It's the outer zone of the kidney. Contains the glomerulus and glomerular capillaries. |
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Term
| What is the renal medulla? |
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Definition
| Inner zone of the kidney. Consists of triangular lobes of tissue. |
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Term
| What is the adipose capsule of the kidney? |
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Definition
| Its a fatty layer around the external of the kidney that helps protect it from trauma. |
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Term
| Where is the urinary bladder? |
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Definition
Posterior to pubic symphysis.
Males: anterior to rectum
Females: anterior to vagina, inferior to uterus |
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Term
| Describe the urinary bladder lining |
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Definition
| Has a muscular wall made of smooth muscle called the detrusor muscle. And a mucous membrane which secretes mucus to protect the lining from the low pH. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measurement of the kidneys ability to reabsorb a particular substrate from the glomerular filtrate. If it's equalled or exceeded the substance will be present in urine (lost from the blood). |
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Term
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Definition
| Water, ions, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, dead cells and crystals. |
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Term
Name some particles freely filtered from the blood into the glomerular capsule.
What particles are too large? |
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Definition
Small particles like H2O, glucose, amino acids, urea, uric acid, creatinine and most ions.
Plasma proteins and blood cells are too large. |
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Term
| What happens when the GFR goes wrong? |
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Definition
Too high - useful substances are lost due to speed of filtrate
Too low - insufficient removal of waste products from the blood |
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Term
| What is the GFR and what affects it? |
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Definition
Glomerular filtration rate. It's the volume of filtrate produced by the kidneys each day. Men 180L, women 150L.
It is affected by changes in the arterial blood pressure. |
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Term
| How does the plasma become glomerular filtrate? |
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Definition
| Blood pressure pushes particles of a certain size through the very porous (100x greater than normal) walls of the glomerulus capillaries. |
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Term
| Where does tubular reabsorption occur? |
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Definition
| Mainly at the proximal convulated tubule. But also at loop of Henle, collecting duct, and distal convulated tubule. |
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Term
Where does tubular secretion occur?
And how? |
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Definition
Mainly at the distal convulated tubule. But also proximal convulated tubule and loop of Henle.
By active transport. |
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Term
| What does tubular secretion help do? |
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Definition
| Helps control blood pH by secretion of H+. Helps eliminate certain substances, such as NH4+, creatinine, urea and K+. |
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Term
| What are the 3 processes in urine formation? |
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Definition
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion |
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Term
| Where are the peritubular capillaries situated? |
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Definition
| They surround the loop of Henle and carry reabsorbed nutrients back into circulation. |
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Term
| Describe the glomerular capsule |
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Definition
| The glomerular capsule surrounds the capsular space. In which is the ball of capillaries called the glomerulus. Blood enters these by afferent arterioles and leaves by efferent arterioles. |
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Term
| Describe the nephron anatomy |
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Definition
| It is the functional unit of the kidney. Fluid flows from glomerular (Bowman's) capsule, proximal convulated tubule, loop of Henle, distal convulated tubule and collecting duct. |
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Term
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Definition
| There are major and minor. They are cavities which collect urine from the tip of the renal pyramid and carry it to the renal pelvis. |
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Term
| What is the renal pyramid? |
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Definition
| Triangular lobes in the renal medulla. Nephron tubules pass through these. |
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Term
| Describe the blood supply to the kidneys |
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Definition
| Abdominal aorta -> renal artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerular capillaries -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries -> renal vein -> inferior vena cava. Renal arteries carry blood into the kidneys, renal veins carry blood out of the kidneys |
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