Term
When the liver converts amino acids into glucose the nitrogenous waste product, ______________ is produced. |
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Definition
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Term
The liver then converts the toxic ammonia into the less toxic waste product, _______, which is taken away by the blood to the kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
As part of the urinary system, the kidney removes the urea, toxins, excess water and salts, from the bloodstream to produce _________. |
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Definition
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Term
The ___________ are the excretory organs of the urinary system, but they are also critical for the regulation of the blood volume and chemical composition. They also monitor and maintain the balance between water and salts in the blood, and secrete hormones during monitoring of blood pressure (influenced by hormones). |
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Definition
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Term
The right kidney is slightly _________ than the left kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
The ___________, renal blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter or exit the kidney at the hilus. |
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Definition
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Term
A ____________ surrounds each kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
The front section of the kidney shows 3 regions. What are they? |
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Definition
renal cortex, medulla, and pelvis. |
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Term
The ___________ is the outer region just inside the renal capsule |
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Definition
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Term
The _____________ is deep to the cortex with cone-shaped regions that are called the _______________ which are made of _______________. |
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Definition
Renal medulla; renal pyramids; collecting ducts |
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Term
Extensions of the renal cortex between the renal pyramids are the _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
The renal pelvis is composed of the _______ and ________ ________ that collect urine formed in the filtering units, the ____________. |
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Definition
major and minor calyces; nephrons |
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Term
___________ are the units that form urine. |
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Definition
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Term
Nephrons are composed of a __________ and the __________. |
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Definition
Renal corpuscle; renale tubule. |
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Term
The renal corpuscle includes the ______________ (a ball of capillaries) that is surrounded by the _________________ or _________________. It is always in the ____________. |
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Definition
glomerulus; glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule); renal cortex |
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Term
The glomerulus derives from an _____________ capillary and becomes an _____________ capillary. |
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Definition
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Term
The glomerular capsule is the beginning of the renal tubule, the tubules that will carry the ______________ taken from the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
There are 3 main tubules in the kidneys. What are they? |
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Definition
proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule |
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Term
There are two types of nephrons based on the location of the loop of Henle. What are the two types? |
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Definition
Cortical nephrons (loop of Henle is in the cortex and a small portion into the medulla)
juxtamedullary nephrons (the loop of Henle droops deeply into the medulla) |
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Term
The layer covering the glomerulus is made of _____________, which coat the fenestrated endothelial walls of the glomerular capillaries. |
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Definition
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Term
The podocytes are separated by _______________ that take the filtrate from the blood into the glomerular capsule. |
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Definition
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Term
Molecules the size of glucose, salts, urea, drugs and vitamins can pass through these ________________, but not large molectules such as plasma proteins and blood cells. |
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Definition
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Term
The _________________________ has cells with microvilli that reabsorb water, glucose, NA+ and Cl-, from the filtrate, returning them to the surrounding capillaries. |
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Definition
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) |
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Term
____________, ____________ and _____________ transport of Na+, K+, Cl- are resabsorbed or secreted during the passage of filtrate through the loop of Henle and DCT. |
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Definition
Osmosis; passive and active transport |
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Term
______________ is 95% water and contains urea, toxins, and excess salts. |
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Definition
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Term
The arteries in the renal cortex branch into ________________, one for each nephron. Each aferent arteriole divids repeatedly to form the capillary knot, the _______________. These same capillaries will form the ___________________. |
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Definition
afferent arterioles; glomerulus; efferent arteriole |
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Term
Each efferent arteriole branches into a second capillary network, the _____________ _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
The efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons may also branch into the _____________, capillaries that surround the loop of Henle in the medulla. Peritubular capillaries and vasa recta merge into venules, then the veins within the kidney to finally become the renal vein. |
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Definition
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Term
At the junction of the afferent arteriole and the DCT, the ______________________, responds to blood pressure changes and to the pH filtrate. |
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Definition
juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Term
____________ are muscular tubes about 10" long that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. |
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Definition
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Term
The surface of the mucosal lining of the ureter is _______________ epithelium. |
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Definition
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Term
Urinary bladders temporarily stores __________. |
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Definition
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Term
The bladder's muscularis has an extra longitduinal layer on the outside of the circular layer. These 3 layers form the ___________ muscle for voiding (emptying) the bladder. |
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Definition
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Term
As the bladder fills, the _________________ epithelium and smooth muscle stretch, increasing the internal volume of the bladder. |
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Definition
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Term
The _____________ is a triangular smooth area between the ureter and ________________. It aids in urine flow but it can also be easily infected, especially in females. |
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Definition
trigone; urethral openings |
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Term
The __________ is a muscular tube that drains urine from the urinary bladder to the outside. |
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Definition
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Term
The urethra begins at the involuntary smooth muscle sphincter, the __________________ which opens as the parasympathetic causes the bladder to contract. This process is the ____________ reflex. |
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Definition
internal urethral sphincter; micturition (urination) reflex |
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Term
The urethra then passes through the ________________, a skeletal muscle sphincter in the ___________________. |
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Definition
external sphincter; urogenital diaphragm |
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Term
During the micturition reflex the ________________ has already opened; however, voluntary control of _____________ can override the reflex. |
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Definition
external sphincter (both) |
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Term
The male urethra is 6-8 inches long. The male urethra passes through the _____________ gland is labeled the ___________ urethra, in the urogenital diaphragm it is the _______________ urethra, and in the penis, it is the _____________ urethra, before reaching the ___________________ orifice. |
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Definition
prostate; prostatic; membranous; spongy or penile; external urethral orifice |
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