Term
| what 2 conditions can a positive urinalysis reading of bilirubin indicate |
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Definition
| obstructive jaudice and hepatitis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 4.5 - 8, commonly acidic (~5) |
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Term
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Definition
diet ie.acidic foods like fruit
uric acid calculi |
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Term
| what 3 conditions may alkaline pH in urine signfy? |
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Definition
(apart from type I renal tubular acidosis) often urinary pH reflects blood pH.
Alkaline urinary pH is seen in the initial stages of type II renal tubular acidosis
with infection of urease-splitting organisms
and can be associated with stag-horn calculi |
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Term
| what can presence of red blood cells signify in urinalysis |
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Definition
glomeruli or tubules damage may allow RBC to enter urine.
other: trauma, disease, surgery of lower urinary tract, menstrual bleeding |
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Term
| what can presence of glucose signify in urinalysis and rationale |
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Definition
| diabetes and in healthy individuals large ingestion of glucose intake: tubules are unable to reabsorb high concentration of glucose when the body does not use it all |
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Term
| name 4 conditions that urinalysis may signify when the presence of ketone is identified |
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Definition
| poor management of diabetes mellitus, dehydration, starvation, excessive aspirin usage |
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Term
| what does the presence of nitrates signify in urinalysis |
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Definition
UTI: nitrates are produced by some bacteria.
*negative test does not always rule out infection ie. not all organisms produce nitrates |
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Term
| what does the presence of lecocytes in urinalysis identify? |
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Definition
| UTI: presence of WBC combined with positive nitrate reading has a 74% accuracy in detecting UTI |
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Term
| what does the presence of proteins in urinalysis signify? |
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Definition
| renal disease: in normal physiology, the fenestrae of the glomulerus is too small to allow large protein molecules to enter. |
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Term
| what is specific graivity |
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Definition
the measure of the concentration of particles in urine ie. high=high conc.
low=low conc.
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Term
| 3 conditions that high specific graivity levels may indicate in urinalysis |
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Definition
| dehydration, reduced renal blood flow and increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion |
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Term
| 4 conditions that the presence of urobilinogen can suggest? |
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Definition
| cirrhosis (liver scarring), chronic hepatitis failure, hepatitis, hyperthyroidism |
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Term
| indication of kidney failure (observation) |
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Definition
| freshly voided urine is cloudy or foamy because of high protein conc. |
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Term
| Causes of cloudy urine sample |
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Definition
| high protein conc signifying renal disease, bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| may be the result of high bilirubin concentrations caused by liver dysfunction |
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Term
| observation of dark-red or tea coloured urine |
|
Definition
| bleeding from kidneys or ureters |
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Term
| observation of bright red urine |
|
Definition
| bleeding from bladder or urethra |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| low amount to be of concern in catheter drainage |
|
Definition
| hourly output <0.5mL/kg for more than 2 hours |
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Term
| normal adult daily voiding |
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Definition
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Term
| age childern have the ability to voluntary control micturition |
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Definition
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Term
| age children have full control of voluntary micturition |
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Definition
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Term
| describe 2 changes with aging to kidney and liver functioning |
|
Definition
nocturia: decrease in glomerular filtration rate
decrease in kidney's ability to concentrate urine
increased urinary frequency: bladder losses muscle tone and capacity to hold urine
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Term
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Definition
| in aging, loss of contractibilty of bladder. Urine is retained after voiding |
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Term
| define the term prerenal alterations and 2 conditions it may lead to |
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Definition
a decrease blood flow to kidneys, decreases the rate of perfusion to renal tissue.
oligura: dimished capacity to form urine
anuria: inability to produce urine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| inabilty to produce urine |
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Term
| what can cause renal alterations |
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Definition
| injury directly to glomerulus or renal tubule and altering normal funtioning of filtration, reabsorption and secreting fuctionings |
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Term
| define postrenal alterations |
|
Definition
results from obstruction to urinary collecting systems.
ie. from calyces (drainage structures from kidneys) to uretheral meatus (outside kidney, inside urinary system) |
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