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| Theory which claimed that disease were carried by living organisms and that they could be prevent by the destruction of these organisms, germs. |
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| French chemist who studied fermentation and concluded that disease can be slowed and stopped by killing the germs, or the organisms that carried disease with extreme heat. |
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| Philosopher who believed that problems should be dealt with on a rational, scientific basis and using the “greatest good for the greatest number” principle. |
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| German doctor who cultivated bacteria and discovered their life cycles |
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| English surgeon who grasped the connection between aerial bacteria and wound infection. He came up with the idea of a chemical disinfectant. |
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| Scientist who developed theory of evolution. His theory includes aspects such as survival of the fittest and natural selection. His theory is contradictory to the religious theory of creation. |
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| Ruler of France who believed that the welfare of all his subjects could be improved by government intervention. He thought that rebuilding Paris would provide employment, improve living conditions, and add to his power and prestige. |
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| The supervisor in charge of Paris. He was very effective in reducing opposition to his plans. His construction doubled the amount of fresh water reaching Paris and allowed space for more parks to be constructed. |
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| highly skilled workers who earned about 2/3 of the income of servant-keeping classes. They were usually construction bosses and factory foremen. The labor aristocracy also included very skills handicraft makers, such as jewelers. |
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| Industry which employed a lot of urban women. This industry resembled the putting out system. Women were paid by the piece, not by the hour. |
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| French philosopher who wrote the System of Positive Philosophy, which tracks intellectual activity and the shift from the will of God explaining things to the will of an orderly nature. |
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| the scientific method, method that Comte believed could discover the eternal laws of human relations. This would enable expert social scientists to impose a disciplined harmony and well-being on less enlightened citizens. |
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| Dispelled the theory that the earth was formed from short cataclysmic events, rather it was formed over really long geological processes. |
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| Thinker who asserted that all life had arisen from long processes of adjusting to the environment. |
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| Theory central to Darwin’s large theory of evolution, this states that the fittest members of every species will survive. This includes the accessibility to food, and sex appeal. |
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| The way all animals were formed from their common ancestor, central to Darwin’s theory of evolution. |
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| Man who believed that the human race was driven forward to greater specialization and progress by struggle, mainly economic struggle. |
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| The applications of Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” to human society. |
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| Realist writer who believed that literature should depict life exactly how it is. |
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| French author who composed a panorama of post revolutionary French life. This work was called “The Human Comedy.” He pictures urban society as amoral and brutal. |
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| Wrote Madame Bovary, a book which tells the tale of a middle-class housewife who has an affair and is betrayed by her lover. Flaubert shows the middle class as petty and corrupt. |
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| Wrote books which depicted men and women frustrated and crushed by fate and bad luck. |
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