Term
Colonial Plans and Planning (PA) |
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Definition
- William Penn (1683- plan for Philadelphia)
- Penn’s plan had a grid like plan for the streets with 90 degree intersections and the city revolved around important public buildings
- Penn imagined a green country-town with urban life with greenery (orchards, fields, gardens)
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Term
Colonial Plans and Planning (GA) |
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Definition
- James Oglethorpe’s 1733 plan for Savannah
- Citizens got a house plot within the city and a gardening plot outside of the “city” for gardening/agriculture
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Term
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Definition
| L’Enfant--Designed and planned in a European style baroque (Versailles inspired), gave prominence to the capital, gridded street plans, fountains and other physical features |
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Term
Spanish Laws of the Indies |
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Definition
| attempted to regulate the interactions between the settlers and natives. Some of the laws regulated city planning, they codified the city planning process and represented some of the first attempts at a general plan, first wide-ranging guidelines towards design and development of communities |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the Garden Cities Movement, it contained large blocks of green space that pedestrians had access to |
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Term
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Definition
| industrial cities became overcrowded; affluent class could escape from the city center leaving lower classes there--needed changes/reforms in the city to make it more liveable |
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Term
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Definition
| built in large number to accommodate the overcrowded cities **problems |
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Definition
| first deliberately planned park--part of the parks movement |
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Definition
| designed the city of Chicago, influenced by the City Beautiful Movement |
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Term
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Definition
| 1893, wanted to make cities a place of beauty through implementing aesthetically pleasing buildings and other civic cites |
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Term
Ebenezer Howard and Garden Cities |
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Definition
| planned,self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts" |
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Term
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Definition
| founded by William Levitt after WWII, he created suburbs that consisted of low cost, mass produced housing that were synonymous with the “American Dream” |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the New Deal Era, it was a cooperative community that provided affordable housing, had a strong sense of community |
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Term
Clarence Perry and the Neighborhood Concept |
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Definition
| early 1900’s, core principles included: networks of streets, schools at the center, green spaces, commercial areas at the perimeter to reduce traffic |
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Term
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Definition
| separates one set of land uses from another, zoning regulates the patterns of land use |
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Term
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Definition
| Amber Reality sued the village of Euclid for enacting zoning laws that prohibited its industrial development—the Supreme Court upheld Euclid’s zoning laws |
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Term
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Definition
| “pyramid” structure—zones at the top of the pyramid are very exclusive and as one goes down the pyramid the uses become cumulative, so the bottom includes all the uses that the other zones allowed |
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Term
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Definition
| land redevelopment, taking old, existing structures and revitalizing them--replaced them with commercial development--displacement occured--cities trying to compete with the suburbs |
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Term
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Definition
| 1990’s based on Urban Renewal, revitalize the worst public housing projects into mixed-income developments |
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Term
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Definition
| 1954 large urban housing project, shortly after its development the living conditions of this project declined and it was soon demolished by the government |
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Term
Federal Interstate Highway Act |
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Definition
| 1956, over 41,000 miles of highway created, which promoted a car, based society and suburban sprawl |
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Term
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Definition
| key componenet to sustainability |
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Term
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Definition
| after WWII there was a greater awareness for environmental issues, advocating for sustainability |
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Term
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Definition
| “Death and Life of American Cities”, critique of urban renewal policies since she believed that they destroyed communities and created isolated, unnatural urban spaces |
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Term
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Definition
| implemented regional planning using natural systems “Design With Nature” |
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Term
Rachel Carson, Silent Spring |
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Definition
| raised awareness about environmental concerns in the 1950’s. She also focused on the importance of the idea of wonder |
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Term
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Definition
| focused on what makes a good public space by studying pedestrian behavior and city dynamics, pushed for triangulation |
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Term
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Definition
| trying to discourage sprawl and encourage compact cities, incorporating green building and ecological design |
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Term
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Definition
| cities are experiencing population lost, which causes many city spaces to be vacant, need to look inwardly and develop these place, Detroit is 1/3 vacant |
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Term
Mortgage Interest Deduction |
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Definition
| allows taxpayers who own homes to reduce their taxable income—made buying homes more manageable |
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Term
American Planning Association (APA) |
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Definition
| created in 1978 and is a professional organization representing the field of city and regional planning, main function is to serve as a forum for the exchange of ideas between people who work in the field of urban and regional planning |
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Term
Visual Preference Surveys (VPS) |
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Definition
| show pictures of developments and get the gut reaction of the community, pictures earn positive or negative scores depending on the reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of space actually needed to support a population |
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Term
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Definition
| commits the City to make environmental sustainability a primary goal in all city planning decisions - in ways that also support housing affordability and livability |
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Term
World Summit on Sustainable Development |
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Definition
| conference deciding about sustainability processes—“ Development policies and practices need to take into account current and future impacts on health and the environment.” |
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Term
Sustainability; Sustainable Development |
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Definition
| pattern of resource use, that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come |
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Term
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Definition
| LEED certified apartment complex designed for low-income residents |
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Term
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Definition
| nonprofit corporation which acquires and manages land on behalf of the residents of a place-based community, key to affordable housing |
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Term
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Definition
| want to become more socially, economically, and ecologically sustainable, comprised of environmentally conscientious people |
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Term
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Definition
| Example of an Ecovillage in the middle of a city. Ecovillages take an existing neighborhood, sometimes, a disadvantaged one, and layer on to it an ecological ethic and way of living. It is close to a CoHousing neighborhood, but with an extra importance given to nature and connecting to the environment. There is often use of local materials, solar heating, low VOC paints etc. There is also no large common space like a co-housing neighborhood, but still some community space. Meals are hosted outside, tables and chairs are situated throughout the neighborhood. |
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Term
· Christie Walk (Adelaide, Australia) |
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Definition
| A medium density, urban co-housing unit in Austrailia with eco-friendly and community oriented features such as pedestrian friendly spaces, shared gardens/local food production, stormwater storage, passive solar/climate responsive design, solar hot water, and reduced car dependency. It makes use of solar power, east-west orientation, contains four standalone cottages, storey apartments with community houses on the ground floor. Contains about 40 people ranging from new born to 80 years old. |
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Term
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Definition
| Separate housing units or “accessory housing units” for elderly family members which developed in response to an aging population and affordable housing issues. Accessory housing units are smaller units on the backside of a large home. Virginia has experimented with “Granny Pods” by manufacturing housing to plop down next to your primary housing equipped with sensors based off of the idea of living close with some level of assistance as well as privacy. VA law has changed to permit them, making this easier to develop. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Danish model of housing that has several examples in the US. It features clustering houses around pedestrian informal spaces with housing intended to be smaller and closer together, layering public and private. This is a type of neighborhood designed from the beginning by residents and there is a common house where there are nightly meals served. Examples include Nyland, Colorado, Blueberry Hill, Northern Virginia, and N Street Housing in Davis, California. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is an example of a CoHousing neighborhood that was crafted out of an old farm using old buildings for community areas featuring various vegetable gardens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trudeslund is an example of cohousing near Copenhagen; it has the common features of a cohousing neighborhood including a commonhouse where there are children’s playrooms, community spaces and recreational areas and where meals are served, as well as a unique glassed-in street. |
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Term
· Centraal Wonen (“Central Living”) |
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Definition
| An example of the Dutch model of CoHousing that tends to consist of single-family homes. Pedestrian areas connect to city streets making these streets public areas as well. It also has a community garden with tools available to rent. |
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Term
· Accessory/Secondary Housing Units |
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Definition
| Accessory or secondary housing units are smaller units found on the backside of a large home that contribute to an increase in affordable housing. They often contain their own entrance and kitchen, but are illegal due to residential zoning categories. An example of this is in Davis, California where secondary cottages are used as small businesses and are often rented out. Secondary housing units can be used as housing for elderly family members, rented out for an affordable price, as well as a location for a small business office. |
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Term
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Definition
| An urban design movement that promotes walkable neighborhoods that contain a wide range of jobs and housing types. It arose in the US in the 1980s and gradually came to transform real estate development, urban planning, and land-use strategies. It is closely related to smart growth, regionalism and environmentalism. It supports regional planning for open space and the balanced development of jobs and housing to reduce traffic congestion, increase the supply of affordable housing and halt urban sprawl. It is seen by many individuals as a reaction to urban sprawl. Prime examples include Seaside, FL, Kentlands, MD, and Laguna West, CA. |
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Term
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Definition
| A new urbanist neighborhood started in 1989 with multi-family housing and more jobs. It was originally the 356-acre Kent Farm that turned into six distinct neighborhoods with unique commons and lots of open space. The houses are close together and pulled to the front of the lots surrounded by wetlands, greenbelts, lakes and pocket parks. Parking is behind houses in a back alley so that it does not get in the way of other activities and disrupt the social realm. This example uses traditional architecture. |
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Term
· Civano (Tucson, Arizona) |
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Definition
| A unique New Urbanist neighborhood that uses local architecture with green elements such as the use of native vegetation, drought-resistant landscaping, an on-site nursery, 30% of property set aside for natural land, low-impact paths, passive solar and low energy homes, mixed-use buildings, rainwater harvesting from rooftops, and a double-water system (one set of two water lines contains recycled or “gray water” used for lawncare/household needs and the other is highly filtered and used for drinking). |
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Term
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Definition
| Laguna West was designed by Peter Calthorpe and used New Urbanism design principles including: pedestrian friendly neighborhoods that encourage walking, a town center, a riparian zone, houses that have small front yards and driveways that are short or behind the house, streets that are designed to create calm and encourage slow driving by creating narrow streets and each house was to have two trees. |
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Term
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Definition
| An iconic New Urbanist community that built on traditional projects with a feel of neatness and order. It was the first New Urbanist town created. Robert S. Davis’ grandfather bought 80 acres along the Gulf of Mexico later used by Davis to transform it into an old-fashioned beach town. The goal of Seaside was not only to create an old-fashioned beach town, but to create a social atmosphere that people enjoyed being in, and that is the creation of the Davis', Duany, and Plater-Zyberk. Every house in Seaside is colorful and different, ranging in style. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Walt Disney Corporation designed location with a public park, man-made lake, mixed-use buildings/areas, on-street parking, movable furniture, integration of commercial and residential public places (such as fountains), places for families to spend time, has a music system played through “mushrooms” throughout the town and contains more multifamily homes. It illustrates mixed feelings about New Urbanist projects. |
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Term
· Troy Gardens (Madison, WI) |
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Definition
| A location that has a Cohousing portion with green friendly mixed-income housing, community gardens, a nature trail, and a habitat restoration project. Troy Gardens is also a land trust or a non-governmental organization and landscape orientation that buys and holds land to conserve it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Baldwin Park is a new neighborhood that is livable, walkable and three miles from downtown Orlando, Florida. It was built on the site of a former Naval Training Center with 1,100-acres and home to 8000 residents and 125 businesses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Cohousing example with a focus on natural vegetation and energy efficiency. American styles of CoHousing are slightly different than European ones and there is a concern for fire safety with the use of compact housing and narrow streets that emergency vehicles cannot respond effectively in these neighborhoods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Solara is a nonprofit housing producer of low-income housing that incorporates a lot of renewable energy and is fully powered by the sun. The residents are not far from a grocery store, so they designed shopping carts for the building that were meant to encourage people to walk to the grocery store. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Solaire was the first “green” residential use building in NYC and was completed in 2003 with a Level Gold LEED rating. The developer received funding from the State of New York but was only required to set aside 10% of the units as “affordable housing” or “moderate income” so rent became really expensive and it currently sits in a very affluent neighborhood of NYC. |
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Term
· The Crossings (Mountain View, CA) |
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Definition
| The Crossings is located 30 miles south of San Francisco was an 18-acre infill project that demolished an original shopping mall and replaced it with homes, retail shopes and a daycare center. Narrow tree-lined streets and sidewalks and small pocket parks all combine to create a walkable and bikeable neighborhood. It takes residents less than 5 minutes to walk from any of the houses to the stores or the commuter rail station and two minutes or less to walk to a park. This is an example of a transit-oriented development program. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leiden is south of Amsterdam with lots of deep history with organic architecture (variety of structures next to one another) and a lot of public spaces. It uses the idea of “third places” or community locations (American first and second places are home and work). It is a beautiful place with canals and there is always access to water. There is a very dense, compactness meaning one can see a sharp edge where nature is easily accessible. There are also landmarks (such as churches) that allow you to know where you are at all times. Large parts of the city are car limited with locations for both young and old people. There are covert car spaces in public plazas or cars are slowed down with bricking patterns and speed humps. Local markets are available twice a week incorporating food into the city. Street patterns allow you to take different routes everyday depending on different factors and bicycles are inexpensive and used for utilitarian purposes. The physical environment inspires interconnected relationships of people. |
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Term
· Cottage housing/Pocket Neighborhoods (e.g. architect Ross Chapin’s projects) |
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Definition
| Ross Chapin designed the new cottage concept in Washington (state) carefully with great privacy, layering public and private buildings. Some features of cottage housing include: parking on the exterior of the courtyard, a shared garden, creative ways to ensure privacy, nested housing (one entrance faces the closure of the next house), “eyes on the commons” concept, a mailbox cluster, 1.5 story-cottages with porch rooms (close to an active part of the house, large enough to be a room) and promoted the ideas of individuality, living large in a small house, and using simple materials but with rich detail. |
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Term
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Definition
| A formerly elevated freight line made into a walkway/park in New York City that was begun by the Friends of the High Line and was inspired by a project in Paris. |
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Term
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Definition
| Village Homes is a seventy-acre subdivision located in the west part of Davis, California and was designed to encourage a sense of community and conservation of energy and natural resources. It is made up of east-west oriented streets, narrow streets and curving cul-de-sacs, pedestrian/bike path and common areas, antural drainage, edible landscape, and open space. |
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Term
· Kronsberg (Hannover, Germany) |
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Definition
| An example of a Green Urbanist neighborhood that almost all consists of multi-family housing with greenspaces and parks, is not car-dependent, has a gridded and narrow street pattern that deters car use, has an extensive tram system for transportation, layers sustainability ideas such as a water boulevard, in home recycling/compost units, a library with a sustainability focus, two combined heat power plants (one in the basement of a major building) and a “beyond organic” farm in the outskirts. |
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Term
· South Village (Burlington, VT) |
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Definition
| South Village is a commercial development that took a piece of land and made a working farm out of it (mentioned only briefly in class). |
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Term
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Definition
| Portland, Oregon ahs a long history of limiting growth; it was the first (or one of the first?) to require every local government to have a comprehensive plan which carries the force of law. It has a popularly elected regional government called the Portland Metropolitan Services District that has responsibility for regional land use planning. It plans for the mass majority of the population to be within nodes and walking distances of public transportation. One of its key features is the Urban Growth Boundary; it is currently under question whether they will expand the urban growth boundary currently. The areas they will definitely not expand to are called the “Urban and Rural Reserve Areas”. Other features include Downtown/Center City plans to make it more attractive, the Metro Housing Rule (Goal 10) stating local governments can decided to set aside homes for small families to incorporate a diversity of housing, and access to great parks. The Pioneer Courhouse Square is one of the best public spaces in the world that used to be a parking lot. Portland has an unique way of creating interesting spaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Portland MAX is the downtown light rail system in Portland, a exemplary model of public transportation. |
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Term
Urban Villages (e.g. Seattle) |
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Definition
| Urban villages is a planning and design concept that refers to an urban form consisting of medium density development, mixed-use zoning, and an emphasis on urban design (pedestrianization and urban space). Their purpose is generally to reduce car reliance and promote walking, cycling and transit use, provide a high level of self containment (working, recreating and living in the same area), and facilitate strong community institutions and interactions. Jane Jacobs is widely regarded as have the largest influence on the urban village concept by rejecting the modernist views that used to dominate urban planning. It is criticized for being unrealistic because they ignore broader social and economic realities. Examples include Clarendon, Crystal City, Pentagon City, and Rosslyn in Arlington, VA |
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Term
· Subiaco Model Sustainable Home (Perth, Western Australia) |
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Definition
| The Subiaco Sustainable Demonstration Home was designed to educate and raise awareness of practical and innovative solutions to sustainable living. It shows that an environmentally friendly and energy efficient home can also be architecturally impressive, aesthetically pleasing and function. The key message is that sustainable housing is relevant to any building or renovating project. The contract building price of the home was similar to others in the area ($300,000). |
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Term
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Definition
| Freiburg is the poster child for compact living with a population of 200,000. The center of the city was destroyed during WWII and then was built back. It planned to moderate automobiles by making this new center of the city inaccessible to cars. There are subsidies for people to live in the center of the city and they continue to invest in their street car system and the cost of parking is high. There is a network of water channels that run through the city that don’t serve a functional purpose any more but is a unique aesthetic feature that any new building in the center of the city has to add on to (example of cultural/unique features). It is a walkable city, a leader in mixed-use planning and has a slow-moving center of town with lots of pedestrians. The major new areas are structured around the tram and there is a major new emphasis on solar energy (used at the neighborhood level as well) and bicycles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vauban is a neighborhood in Freiburg built as a “sustainable model district” that is an example of reuse of older land and protects natural features of the site. It is mostly car-free and expensive to park in and has neighborhood renewable-based energy as well as energy plus homes (produce more energy than they consume and send this excess energy to the power grid). |
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Term
· Freiburg Charter for Sustainable Urbanism |
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Definition
| This Charter shows that Freiburg is a leader on the global scene with a vibrant, diverse downtown with buildings that are tall and compact, but not too tall. |
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Term
· Planning for Climate Change (Adaptation and Mitigation) |
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Definition
| Mitigation is an attempt to reduce greenhouse gases, while adaptation is dealing with the impacts of climate change. Urban cities have slightly higher temperatures due to lack of vegetation and natural environment. There are a lot of hard surfaces and an altered physical environment. Planners are trying to maintain a lot of green elements and trees which cool areas down and combat social isolation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Homes/apartments that exist above small businesses in urban areas; it is an example of mixed-use buildings and development. This is also an example of affordable housing that allows individuals living there to have a walkable and accessible location. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of green building, the most popular is the Bank of America Tower in New York City opposite from Bryant Park. This $1 billion project is one of the most efficient and ecologically friendly buildings in the world and is the fourth tallest building in the US. The design uses technologies such as floor-to-ceiling insulating glass to contain heat and maximizes natural light, and an automatic day dimming system. It features a greywater system and the building is made largely of recycled and recyclable materials. It is the first skyscraper designed to attain a Platinum LEED Certification. |
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Term
· Susanka’s “Not So Big House” |
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Definition
| The “Not So Big House” is a book series by Sarah Susanka. It shows how to design a small house to make it feel spacious and inviting. This book is a part of a growing movement in the US for smaller homes. It provides useful information for people that want to design with a “quality over quantity” state of mind. |
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Term
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Definition
| Urban sprawl (synonymous with suburbanization) causes high public infrastructure costs, empty buildings, leftover neighborhoods etc. Sprawl is low-density development at the edge of cities and towns and is poorly planned, land-consumptive, car dependent and not respective of natural landscape. Sprawl and health are related and the physical form of our communities makes it hard to bike and walk. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mixed-use development is the use of a building, set of buildings or neighborhood for more than one purpose. When jobs, housing and commercial activities are located close together, a community’s transportation options increase and health improves. Mixed-use developments often have higher property values. Mixed-use development is also a feature of New |
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Term
Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB)
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Definition
A regional boundary set to promote the development of higher density, pre-established urban growth and to limit density in areas outside of the boundary (which are geared towards low density growth)
Example- Portland Downtown/Center City Plans- promotes regional greenspaces, environmental resource planning, and exclusive farm use zones |
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Term
Copenhagen regional “fingers” plan (1947)
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Definition
| an urban plan from 1947 which provides a strategy for the development of Greater Copenhagen, Denmark. According to the plan, Copenhagen is to develop along five 'funger', centred on S-train commuter rail lines, which extend from the 'palm', that is the dense urban fabric of central Copenhagen. In between the fingers, green wedges are supposed to provide land for agriculture and recreational purposes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A concept of a community with high density and mixed-use development- Its layout should promote public transportation and walking and a feeling of social connection nS safety with your close quarter neighbors- more sustainable alternative to urban sprawl |
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Term
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Definition
The use of available lands within a city to develop before expanding to create new development locations- a strategy used to avoid sprawl
Odense, Denmark- short term priority is to utilize infill development |
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Term
Transfer of Development Rights (TDR)\
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Definition
| Separates the development value of land from its existing use and transfers that development value to another site. The owners of the land in the area to be preserved can sell their development rights to developers in designated receiving areas that are thereby allowed to build at an increased density reflecting the value of transferred rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| ‘Not in my backyard’- Concept that individuals seek to protect solely their own interests, often at the expense of others |
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Term
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)
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Definition
| Development that is centered around accommodating transit stops, pedestrians, and public transportation opportunities. These goals are often reached by building upwards and providing good and accessible commercial centers |
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Term
Vancouver’s “Living First” policy
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Definition
| Vancouver’s “Living First” policy is a strategy utilized within the city to accommodate growing population of the city by rezoning commercial areas into residential development that supports an urban lifestyle and puts precedence on the importance of the people, community, social interaction through compactness and public walkways/transportation, and housing over retail. |
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Term
Historic Chicago Bungalow Initiative
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Definition
| HCBI is a nonprofit organization designed to foster an appreciation of the Chicago Bungalow as a distinctive housing type, encourage sympathetic rehabilitation of Chicago bungalows, and assist bungalow owners with adapting their homes to current needs, which in turn helps to strengthen Chicago bungalow neighborhoods The program offers a variety of financial resources, from grants to loans, and technical resources, from special permit assistance to "how-to" seminars. Certifying your bungalow with the Historic Chicago Bungalow Association is the first step in accessing these financial incentives and benefits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of courtyard/communal housing targeted towards the less affluent population. They are still utilized in the Netherlands and are typically built in a U-shape form with a garden/yard as the focal point. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of compact living that has been utilized for a long time in urban cities, typically where a building incorporates a work/retail unit on the first floor and people live on upper levels of the same building. This type of infrastructure cancels out commute to work and the close proximities of mixed use buildings allows for easier access to necessary resources otherwise reached through energy consuming transportation. |
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Term
Flexible Architecture/Design
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Definition
| Architecture that is designed so that it can change and adapt to new circumstances in the future and is flexible overtime as its surroundings change. It is a type of a design that plans to accommodate change |
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Term
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Definition
is the process of adapting old structures for purposes other than those initially intended.
When the original use of a structure changes or is no longer required, as with older buildings from the industrial revolution, architects have the opportunity to change the primary function of the structure, while retaining some of the existing architectural details that make the building unique. |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas that are part of a restricted development and separate certain members of communities from others- These communities that represent a physical separation/isolation form others which advances our viewpoints that we have no obligations to others or the public- this is an issue because when people are so detached to nature they do not feel the need to protect it. |
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Term
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Definition
o Free transit initiatives
o Boulder (Forest Glen) has free transit and is paid for through annual property tax (transit pass)
o Utility service extends to elevation of 5,750 ft
o 1 cent sales tax for land acquisition (2/5 of tax)
o purchase developing rights to preserve agricultural uses
o Long history of making efforts to contain its growth
o Able to see where the city starts and stops (clear boundary)
o Boulder Valley Plan- Urban services Standards
o Danish Plan and beyond: Point systems, annual growth caps, etc
o Greenbelt (, land acquisition, dedicated sales tax
o Large-lot zoning in outlying areas
o City- county growth agreement
o Protection of natural resources in the city
o Annual cap on number of building permits issued
o Open space provision- manage open space separate from the developed areas- these spaces are off limits (trail systems)
o Strong plan + Urban Services + Danish Plan + Acquisition Planning
o Keep things close to the center
o Natural features in the city
o Community roots- community gardens |
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Term
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Definition
took a cul-de-sac suburban neighborhood and created a CoHousing community
o Village Homes- Davis, California
o Fruit trees, orientation of homes are towards an interior open space
o Trees- people have free access to the trees and their fruits except for Almonds- which they sell and use the profit to benefit the village
o No pesticides used on the fruit trees
o was at the edge of the city of Davis, but not it is in the city. Passive solar, low energy, southern orientation. Green areas = orchards, community garden. Built around open, green space (homes oriented towards it). Bridges, walkways, edible landscape, fruit trees all over – can pick what you want to eat. Almonds = commercial value, which pays for the maintenance of the landscape. No pesticides. Interior greenspaces to collect and handle storm water – no curb and gutter (saves $600 per house). Narrow roadways, but use small plants along the road just in case emergency vehicles need extra space. Good place for kids because parents don’t need to worry much about cars. Homes carry a premium value, fast resale, people know their neighbors and low crime rates |
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Term
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Definition
clustering development with a land conservation component
Hidden Springs Idaho: clustering, trails, town center, new urbanist approach – homes closer together, community farm, wetlands restoration and leaves 2/3 of land protected.
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Term
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Definition
| Prairie Crossing (north of Chicago): organization promotes socializing and community, while helping the prairie. Gridded pattern, land on outside for conservation/agriculture. Architecture like old farm buildings, lots of open space – trails. Emphasis on the environment and natural history, smaller lots and lawns are part of the prairie. Work to restore and enhance natural prairie. Garden plots and permeable surfaces. |
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Term
Charlottesville Downtown Mall
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Definition
Considered one of the finest urban parks of the country. It is a pedestrian style mall.
A public area in Virginia utilizing Area-Wide traffic management (closing off full areas to motorized vehicles); easily accessible through using public transportation/walking to it |
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Definition
| abandoned/underused industrial and commercial facilities available for re-use or redevelopment (can be contaminated and has potential to be reused once cleaned up and) Example: High Line Park NYC |
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Definition
| economically failing and underused real estate assets or tracts of land due to failed businesses, or areas that lack interest because it has been outdone by other forms of real estate development |
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Definition
| undeveloped land in an area that is used for agriculture or left to naturally evolve (Kent Farm turned new urbanism neighborhood, was originally a Greenfield) |
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Urban Greenbelts (e.g. Boulder’s)
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Definition
A policy method utilized to restrict sprawl and to protect and maintain valuable tracts of wild, agricultural, or undeveloped lands outside of urban areas.
The city of Boulder, Colorado has spent several decades purchasing a miles-wide green belt of farms and open space around town. |
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Definition
A concept that a kid should be treated as a smart, capable individual who should participate in activities outdoors and that involve thinking and engagement in order to learn to grow and do things on their own.
Example: Kids belong outside in touch with nature and not inside in front of the television. Fosters valuable ideals and morals about society and nature for the future |
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Yard Farms (e.g. Community Roots in Boulder, CO)
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Definition
| Yard farms are front and back yards of residential units that are turned into gardens to grow fruits and vegetables to support the local food movement. Community Roots is an initiative in Boulder to do just this- support local food production/purchasing as well as fostering healthier connections with the community |
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Term
Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)
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Definition
Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)- a way to connect local farmers with local consumers, develop a regional food supply and strengthen local economies
· Community of individuals support a farm and share the risks/benefits of food production
· A commitment between a farm and a community of supporters that provides a direct link between production and consumption of food
· Benefits:
o Keeps local food dollars in the local economy
o Encourages communication among farmers
o Creates a dialogue between farmers and consumers
o Promotes a shared sense of social responsibility and land stewardship among farmers and consumers
o Supports an area’s biodiversity
o Fosters the diversity of agriculture through the preservation of small farms and crops |
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Definition
| Gardens built with the purpose of growing vegetables/fruits to save money, cook, and store for the future for necessary use. Survival gardens is a response to the decreasing number of people involved in the agriculture sector and the decreasing amount of people involved in growing their own food. Survival gardens show a turn people have taken in creating home gardens for their own personal nourishment. |
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Definition
| Places where people come together- usually areas of public spaces (parks, landmarks, sitting areas) |
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Circular Urban Metabolism
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| a circular metabolism is developed whereby every input is also able to renew and sustain the living environment by recycling the outputs. In the past medieval cities had something approaching this relationship, with the following closely linked nearby: market gardens, orchards, arable and grazing land, local water supply, forest products and so on. |
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An American term which refers to municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes. The term inclusionary zoning indicates that these ordinances seek to counter exclusionary zoning practices, which aim to exclude low-cost housing from a municipality through the zoning code.
Examples: efforts of residential development geared towards low income families- Dutch Hofjes |
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Definition
Density bonuses are granted for projects in which the developer agrees to include a certain number of affordable housing units. For every one unit of affordable housing a developer agrees to build, a jurisdiction allows the construction of a greater number of market rate units than would be allowed otherwise.
San Diego, California. The County of San Diego has four specific density bonus policies.
Arlington County, Virginia. In the early 1980s, Arlington officials were using 15 percent density bonuses in select areas of the county. By 2001, the county began granting 25 percent bonuses to promote mixed-income housing developments containing units affordable to low and moderate-income families. |
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| A growing movement towards creating walkable communities that have easily accessible infrastructure for its residents as well as supporting a healthy and natural environment with green buildings (LEED). (See New Urbanism) |
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Definition
A set of techniques used by government to ensure that as the population grows that there are services available to meet their demands. These are not necessarily only government services. Other demands such as the protection of natural spaces, sufficient and affordable housing, delivery of utilities, preservation of buildings and places of historical value, and sufficient places for the conduct of business are also considered.
Specific technique includes zoning, phase development plans, impact fees, etc. |
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Definition
Traffic calming is an initiative to slow down movement of motorized vehicles making area friendlier to walking/bicycles towards a sustainable and resilient system of mobility in communities.
A traffic calming program seeks to alter the behavior of drivers and their vehicles. This means any change in street alignment or the installation of various barriers designed to reduce traffic speeds on local streets. The goal is to make residential streets less attractive and desirable than neighborhood streets by increasing the amount of travel time in residential neighborhoods. |
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Definition
| LUTRAQ is a national demonstration project that uses principles of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) to reallocate a projected population growth of 160,000 in Washington County from standard sprawl to a mixed-use pattern that supports the planned light rail and bus network extensions. |
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Location-efficient Mortgages
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Definition
A Location Efficient Mortgage® increases the amount of money homebuyers in urban areas are able to borrow by taking into account the money they save by living in neighborhoods where they can shop at nearby stores and use public transit, rather than driving to work and to the mall. The Location Efficient Mortgage® program was designed to encourage the development of efficient, environmentally progressive communities and to reduce urban sprawl and dependence on cars.
This option is available in cities such as LA, San Francisco, Seattle, and Chicago |
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Term
Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)
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Definition
A policy proposed in the United States of taxing motorists based on how many miles they have traveled. It has been proposed as an infrastructure funding mechanism that would eventually replace the fuel tax
Instead of using a tax on fuel consumption as a way of financing road infrastructure, a VMT tax would charge motorists based on their road consumption by measuring their mileage. |
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Term
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Definition
Car sharing is a service where we can borrow a car to use it when we need it and return it when we are done with it. This service allows people to avoid the pains of parking, insurance, maintenance, etc.
Buurt Auto Service, Amsterdam
Zip Car
Paris Bluecars/ “bubble cars” |
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Personal Rapid Transit (PRT)
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Definition
also called podcar, is a public transportation mode featuring small automated vehicles operating on a network of specially built guide ways.
vehicles are sized for individual or small group travel, typically carrying no more than 3 to 6 passengers per vehicle. Guide ways are arranged in a network topology, with all stations located on sidings, and with frequent merge/diverge points.
Pro: personalized so it attracts those who are normally adverse to public transportation
Con: cost; concerns about safety |
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Term
· Charlottesville Streetcar (proposed) |
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Definition
| Currently being addressed by the City’s Streetcar Task Force, a group of citizens and officials who have been studying the logistics of building a new streetcar system. It would be installed along West Main Street to support the Corner district to the west, and the Downtown Mall to the east. |
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Definition
| The extent to which urban forms permit (or restrict) movement of people or vehicles in different directions. Permeability is generally considered a positive attribute of urban design. |
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· Auto insurance “by the slice” |
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Definition
| Charging auto insurance by the mile driven, attractive option for those who do not drive often. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ease of travel between cities, widely popular in Europe and Asia. Spain, for instance, has set a goal for expanding the Ave, its high speed rail system, 10,000 km by 2020. This will put 90% of the population within 30 minutes of a station. |
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Definition
| An economic concept regarding the various direct charges applied for the use of roads. The road charges include fuel taxes, license fees, parking taxes, tolls, and congestion charges. |
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Term
· Central London Congestion Charge |
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Definition
| A fee charged for some categories of motor vehicle to travel at certain times within the Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ), a traffic area in London. The charge aims to reduce congestion and raise investment funds for London’s transport system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of residential community or housing estate containing strictly-controlled entrances for pedestrians, bicycles, and automobiles, and often characterized by a closed perimeter of walls and fences. |
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Term
· Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) |
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Definition
| A mixed-use residential or commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport, and often incorporates features to encourage transit ridership. A TOD neighborhood typically has a center with a transit station surrounded by relatively high-density development. (Example: Arlington, Va. Built around the metro, Vancouver built around the SkyTrain, Toronto built around the Subway) |
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Term
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Definition
| A tax policy proposed in the United States of taxing motorists based on how many miles they have traveled by use of a GPS device incorporated into each automobile. |
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Term
· Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) |
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Definition
| A term applied to a variety of public transportation systems using buses to provide faster, more efficient service than an ordinary bus line. The goal of these systems is to approach the service quality of rail transit while still enjoying the cost savings and flexibility of bus transit. |
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Term
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Definition
| The name for a road junction in which traffic moves in one direction around a central island. |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually involves painting an intersection with an elaborate design that creates a community gathering space and hopefully encourages drivers to slow down, giving them a signal that they are entering a neighborhood. |
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Term
· Naked Streets/Intersections |
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Definition
| An urban design concept aimed at integrated use of public spaces. These shared spaces remove the traditional segregation of motor vehicles, pedestians, and other road users. (*Think Charlottesville Downtown Mall) |
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Term
· Smart Bikes (e.g. Barcelona’s Bicing) |
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Definition
| A community bicycle program that attempts to cover the small and medium daily routes within the city in efforts to reduce pollution, roadway noise, and traffic congestion. The bikes can be lent from and returned to any station in the system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bicycle with an electric motor used to power the vehicle. They can travel between 15 and 20 mph. The e-bike is expanding rapidly through China, India, the US, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. |
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Term
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Definition
| A term used in urban planning that refers to the number of people inhabiting a given urbanized area. Higher density cities are more sustainable than lower density cities, therefore, planners strive for high density growth. |
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Term
· Urban Heat Island Effect |
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Definition
| This effect occurs when a metropolitan area becomes significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas. This is mainly due to the modification of land surface by urban development that uses materials that retain heat. (Think waste heat generated by energy usage, concrete/asphalt, and tall buildings that absorb and reflect sunlight.) |
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Definition
| To avoid the trend of car dependence, this group of young students and parents take advantage of close proximity to a school by walking instead of driving. |
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Definition
| The local food diet of only eating food produced within a 100-mile radius. This requires a reliance on farmers’ markets and local farms. |
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Term
· Nature-Deficit Disorder |
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Definition
| As coined by Richard Louv in his 2005 book, Last Child in the Woods, this term refers to the alleged trend that children are spending less and less time outdoors. Louv claims that causes for this phenomenon include parental fears, restricted access to natural areas, and the lure of the screen. |
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Definition
| A Native American tribe by the state of Virginia ??? |
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Term
· Monte Alban (Oaxaca, Mexico) |
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Definition
| A ceremonial city of the Zabatech people that first demonstrated contemporary panning concepts many years ago. This example is important in the history of planning. |
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Term
· Pioneer Courthouse Square |
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Definition
| A parking lot converted into a park located in the heart of downtown Portland. This public space sees more than 26,000 visitors each day and is the single most visited site in Oregon’s most visited city. |
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· Glenwood Park (Atlanta) |
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Definition
| A 28-acre brownfield redevelopment in an infill location that features a mix of well-designed homes and commercial spaces. The neighborhood is noted for its commitment to traditional neighborhood design, walkability, mixture of residential and commercial uses, and environmental management practices. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contrasting with conventional zoning codes, these form-based codes address the relationship between building facades and the public realm, the form and mass of buildings in relation to one another, and the scale and types of streets and blocks. (Include a regulating plan, public space standards, building form standards, and administration) |
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· Colorado Court (in Santa Monica) |
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Definition
| Set goals to create affordable housing for low-income residents with single room occupancy, cross ventilation, and less costly photovoltaic units. |
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Term
· Tool Libraries/Toy Libraries |
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Definition
| Originating in the UK, these are examples of sharing communities that allow people to share expensive items to reduce consumption and lend out ownership. |
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Term
· Hidden Springs (Boise, Idaho) |
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Definition
| A conservation community with a new urbanist approach demonstrating clustering, trails, a town center, closer-together homes, a community farm, and wetland restoration projects. This community leaves 2/3 of the land protected. |
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Term
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Definition
| We have reached the peak in oil production, meaning the world is entering a time of oil depletion. This results in less available oil, more expensive fuels, and greater dependence on foreign oil. |
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Term
· Mueller airport redevelopment (Austin, TX) |
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Definition
| This was created to make a new community out of a former airport just outside of Austin. Some of the goals of this plan for the roughly 709 acre tract of land include: creating a mixed-use town center with restaurant/retail space and office/residential space above it, creating 4,000 new residences, creating a central transit, and creating more than 160 acres of open space. |
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· Dell’s Children’s Hospital (Austin, TX) |
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Definition
| The first hospital in the world to become LEED certified. Its green features include heavy use of local and renewable materials, on-site wastewater facilities, and windows that open, allowing fresh air to become an alternative to A.C. |
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Term
· Noisette (North Charleston, SC) |
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Definition
| A 3,000-acre historic center with residential, industrial, commercial, and recreational areas currently being reshaped under a grand urban renewal project to form a sustainable community attuned to social needs, environmental responsibility, and economic vitality. |
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Term
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Definition
| An annual, worldwide event that invites people to transform former parking spaces into tiny patches of urban green space for the benefit of the public good. Started out in 2005 San Francisco. |
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