Term
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Definition
| connects the temporal lobes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior to the central sulcus in the frontal loba. Sends out axons synapse in brain stem and spinal cord to produce voluntary movement |
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Term
| Premotor/Supplementary motor cortex |
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Definition
| Anterior to primary motor cortex. Modulates movement: slow, fast, jittery, etc. |
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Definition
| Anterior to the premotor cortex. Important for producing saccades (fast eye movement)-->associated with nystagmus |
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Definition
| Lateral portion involved in plan formation based on external sensory input. Ventral orbitofrontal cortex is involved in plan formation based on internal criteria such as ethics, morals, hunger, fear, etc. |
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Definition
| Located in ventral frontal cortex; involved in speech production. Usually left side. |
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Term
| Primary somatosensory cortex |
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Definition
| Posterior to the central sulcus. Receives sensory information via the thalamus |
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Term
| Somatosensory and visual association cortex |
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Definition
| Anterior to the primary somatosensory cortex and superior to the supramarginal and angular gyri. Integrates visual and sensory information. Refines visual information in terms of "where" visual stimuli is located in space. |
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Term
| Supramarginal and angular gyri |
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Definition
| Usually on left side. Important for parts of language comprehension and processing. On the right side they are involved in recognition of the emotional tones of language. |
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Definition
| surrounds the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe. Recieves visual information from the lateral geniculate nucleus |
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Term
| Higher level visual association areas |
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Definition
| In the occipital lobe on the superior and inferior sides of the primary visual cortex. Involved in further refine visual input into specific characteristics. |
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Definition
| Just ventral to the lateral fissure. Involved in auditory processing and part of language comprehension |
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Term
| Middle and Inferior Temporal Gyri |
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Definition
| Refine visual information in terms of what the visual stimuli is. |
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Definition
| Located on the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus. Important for the comprehension of spoken language |
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Term
| Heschl's Gyrus/Primary Auditory Cortex |
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Definition
| Just inside the later fissure, the gyrus that runs from the temporal pole towards the insula. |
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Term
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Definition
| A network or neurons that regulate levels of arousal and awareness in the brainstem |
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Term
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Definition
1/2 of the tectum on the dorsal surface of the midbrain
Involved in reflexive head and eye movements
Input:
--Vision: retina, visual cortex
--Audition: Inferior colliculus
--Somatosensation: cortex, spinal cord
Output:
--Tectospinal (head)
--Tectobulbar (eye) |
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Term
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Definition
1/2 of the tectum on the dorsal surface of the midbrain
Also involved in reflexive head and eye movements.
Obligatory relay nucleus of the auditory pathway.
Input-->I.C.-->thalamus-->Primary Auditory Cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of the flocculus and the nodulus (the tip of the vermis) |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of the vermis and paravermis. Modulates muscle movement of distal gross muscles (walking) via the paravermis and axial muscles (trunk and girdle) via the vermis.
Note: the tonsils of the paravermis can be forced through the the base of the skull in a tonsilar herniation from increased intracranial pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates fine repetitive movement with regard to its spatial and temporal timing. |
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Term
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Definition
Middle and inferior frontal lobe
Midline parietal lobe
Anterior Corpus Callosum |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral surfaces of all cerebellar lobes |
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Term
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Definition
Medial Occipital Lobe (visual cortex)
Inferior Temporal Lobe
Posterior Corpus Callosum |
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Term
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Definition
Superior cerebellum
Some midbrain |
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Term
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Definition
Dorsal Brainstem
Some CN nuclei
Lateral Pons |
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Term
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Definition
Inferior and Medial Cerebellum
Cerebellar Peduncles
Some CN nuclei
Lateral Medulla |
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Term
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Definition
Compression of
-Cerebral peduncles: descending contralateral motor problems
-and CN III: "Down and out" eye deviation with ptosis and pupil dilation (from loss of PS innervation of pupillary sphincter muscle) |
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Term
| Lenticulostriate arteries location and blood coverage |
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Definition
Small penetrating branches from MCA.
Supply
-Putamen
-Globus Pallidus
-part of the internal capsule
-body of caudate |
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Term
| Thalamoperforator arteries location and blood coverage |
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Definition
Come off tip of basilar/PCA junction
Supply
-thalamus
-subthalamus |
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Term
| Clinical of significance of the lenticulostriate arteries |
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Definition
-Very sensitive to hemorrhage from unctrolled hypertension
-Lenticulostriate end zone doesn't have any collateral circulation and thus is sensitive to stroke: This is the first part of the brain to lose perfusion during stroke or heart attack. Leads to signs of contralateral hemiparesis and hemi-sensory loss |
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Term
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Definition
AKA Dorsal columns.
Divided into Fasciculus Gracilis and Fasiculus Cuneatus
Ascending tracts only: the DCML tract
Light touch, joint positions, and vibration sensory axons
Lesions cause an ipsilateral deficit |
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Term
| Anteriolateral System/Funiculus |
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Definition
AKA the Spinothalamic Tract
Ascending tracts; cross in Lissauer's tracts.
Heavy Pressure, pain and temperature
Lesion imparts contralateral symptom loss several segments below the lesion. |
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Term
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Definition
Descending: Lateral Corticospinal and Rubrospinal Tracts
Ascending: DSCT and VSCT
-Both DSCT and VSCT carry cutaneous info, muscle length and tension, and joint position to the cerebellum
-VSCT also carries copies of the commands sent to the muscles by motorneurons.
-DSCT axons ascend ipsilaterally
-VSCT decussate upon entering the cord and than again before entering the cerebellum |
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Term
| Ascending Spinal Tracts Location overview |
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Definition
Dorsal Funiculi/Columns:
-DCML split into F.C and F.G.
----Light Touch, Joint Position, Vibration
----Ipsilateral ascension
Lateral Funiculus:
-DSCT: ipsilateral ascension
-VSCT: contralateral ascension
"Anteriolateral System"
-STT
----Heavy Touch, pain, and temperature
----Delayed Contralateral ascension |
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Term
| 3 Forebrain components of the basal ganglia |
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Definition
Caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus
Striatum= Caudate + Putamen
Lentiform Nucleus= Putamen + Globus Pallidus |
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Term
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Definition
Head is in the frontal lobe
Body is along the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle
Tail is curved into the temporal lobe
Many direct connections with frontal lobes. Involved in dementia in Huntington's and tics in Tourette's. |
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Term
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Definition
Separated from the Caudate by the anterior limb of the Internal Capsule.
Separated from the Thalamus by the posterior limb of the Internal Capsule
Input from cortex and others.
Output to the globus pallidus |
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Term
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Definition
Medial to the Putamen and lateral to the Internal Capsule.
Internal/External can be seen in stained sections |
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Term
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Definition
Midline nuclei in the ventromedial frontal lobe
Nucleus Accumbens
Nucleus Basalis of Meynert
Septal Nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
Located where caudate and Putamen aren't separated by the internal capsule
Reward center; a lot of opiod receptors |
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Term
| Nucleus Basalis of Meynert |
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Definition
Seen in coronal sections ventral to the anterior commisure
Important for memory. Cholinergic neurons projected into many cortical areas. Degenerates in Alzheimers. |
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Term
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Definition
Located anterior to the anterior commisure at the bottom of the septum pellucidum
Lateral: limbic input ie: amygdala
Medial: Associated with memory structures such as the hippocampus |
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Term
| Limbic system Function and structures |
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Definition
Controls mood and evaluation of external circumstances. Controls emotional aspect of memory.
Associated structures include: amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus and basal forebrain nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
Located on the most anterior portion of the temporal horn the lateral ventricle
Comprises of many small nuclei which communicate with the hypothalamus and basal forebrain
Involved in motivation, context of memory,, other complex behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
Lesions to Amygdala result in
visual/tactile/auditory agnosia
hyperorality and hyperphagia
hypersexuality |
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Term
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Definition
Remote
Declarative
Procedural
Recent
Working |
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Term
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Definition
Located in the medial wall of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle
An axon bundle called a fornix that splits at the anterior commisure
Pre commissural fibers synapse on medial septal nuclei of the basal forebrain.
Pre commissural fibers synapse on the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus.
Important for the formation of recent memories |
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Term
| HM's symptoms from hippocampus removal |
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Definition
Permanent Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to lay down new memories while preserving past memories.
Unable to to convert working memories into recent memories
Could still build new procedural memories. |
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Term
| 4 divisions of the diencephalon |
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Definition
Thalamus (dorsal anterior)
epithalamus (dorsal posterior)
----hypothalamic sulcus-------
hypothalamus (ventral anterior)
subthalamus (ventral posterio) |
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Term
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Definition
Many small nuclei that communicate with the pituitary to control eating, sex, reproduction, and others.
Ventral surface includes
optic chiasm
infidibulum
mammillary bodies |
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Term
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Definition
Memory structures
Input: Post comm. Hippocampal fornix
Output: Mammillary tracts to anterior nucleus of thalamus
Hippocampus-->fornix-->M.B.-->M. tracts-->AN of thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
Relay nuclei to the cortex from other areas.
Anterior Nucleus
Ventral Anterior/Ventral Lateral Nucleus
Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus
Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
Small bump in the floor of the lateral ventricle.
Input: mammillary bodies via mammillothalamic tract
Output: axons to the Cingulate Gyrus |
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Term
| Ventral Anterior/Lateral Nucleus (VA/VL) |
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Definition
Seen in stained sections
Connections with the motor cortex and basal ganglia.
Help modulate movement |
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Term
| Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus (VPL) |
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Definition
Seen in stained sections. Large
Input: sensory from DCML and the STT (anterolateral system)
Output: ?Somatosensory cortex? |
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Term
| Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus (VPM) |
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Definition
Seen in stained sections just medial to VPL
Input: Sensory from CN V (Trigeminal)
Output: ?Somatosensory Cortex?) |
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Term
| Medial Geniculate Nucleus |
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Definition
At the border between diencephalon and mesencephalon. At the same horizontal level as the superior colliculi
Input: ???
Output:Auditory Cortex
Involved in auditory processing |
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Term
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Definition
Mass effect pushes down on the superior colliculus. Deep to them are eye movement centers that when damaged lead to Parinaud's syndrome. Hydrocephalus is also caused due to compression of the cerebral aqueduct.
Upgaze paralysis with occasional pupillary abnormalities, loss of convergence, and retractory nystagmus. |
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Term
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Definition
Part of the epithalamus. Hangs off of the back of the diencephalon, just under the splenium of the corpus callosum.
Communicates with the hypothalamus to regulate circadian rhythms. Releases melatonin. |
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Term
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Definition
Cat Eye shaped. In the most caudoventral portion of the diencephalon at the border with the midbrain. Also touches the posterior limb of the internal capsule
Communicates with the globus pallidus to modulate movement
Damage from causes contralateral hemiballismus. A target for deep brain stimulation (leading to inactivation) in treatment of Parkinson's Disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Splits the globus pallidus and connects the anterior portions of the two temporal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| connects brainstem nuclei associated with eye movements |
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Term
| Tracts running in the Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule |
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Definition
-Anterior Thalamocortical Tracts
-Frontopontine Tracts |
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Term
| Tracts running in the Genu of the Internal Capsule |
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Definition
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Term
| Tracts running in the Posterior Limb of the Internal Capsule |
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Definition
-Corticospinal Tract
-Rubrospinal Tract
-Central Thalamocortical tracts
-Occipitopontine tracts |
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Term
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Definition
Runs from the mammillary bodies to the Anterior Nucleus of the thalamus.
Important in memory and learning. |
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Term
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Definition
Runs from the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and projects to the primary visual cortex
Two different groups of projections
1.Temporal (Meyer's Loop): Terminate on inferior bank of the calcarine fissure; contain superior visual field info.
2.Parietal: Terminate on superior bank of the calcarine fissure; contain inferior visual field info. |
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Term
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Definition
Connects Wernicke's Area with Broca's Area
Lesion imparts conduction aphasia, a disconnection between speech comprehension and motor output. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects the temporal and frontal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
Group of white matter association fibers that run just beneath the gray matter of the cingulate gyrus
Connection the cingulate gyrus to the parahippocampal gyrus... |
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Term
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Definition
Seen at the level of the superior colliculus in BRAINSTEM sections
Involved in gross flexion of the upper body. |
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Term
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Definition
Runs along the medial edges of the fourth ventricle.
Produces neuroepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
Reflexive orientation of the head.
superior colliculus-->immediate tegmental decussation-->ventral to Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (Brainstem)-->ventromedial spinal funiculus-->synapse on LMN at cervical levels |
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