Term
| Trace one alternative route of blood flow around an obstruction in the first part of the axillary artery, starting with the subclavian artery |
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Definition
Subclavian, thyrocervical trunk, suprascapular, circumflex scapular, subscapular, axillary artery (part 3)
Subclavian, thyrocervical trunk, transverse cervical, dorsal scapular, circumflex scapular, subscapular, axillary artery (part 3) |
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Term
| Why does damage to the radial nerve in the middle of the upper arm make it difficult for one to grasp an object tightly with the fingers? |
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Definition
such damage occurs prior to the radial nerve's branches to the wrist extensors
wrist extensors are needed for tight grip because they counteract an undesirable action of digital flexors |
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Term
| Regarding the brachial plexus: The ventral rami of what spinal cord segments forms the upper trunk? It contributes to what division(s)? |
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Definition
| C5-C6. Lateral and Posterior |
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Term
| Regarding the brachial plexus: The ventral rami of what spinal cord segments forms the middle trunk? It contributes to what division(s)? |
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Definition
| C7. Posterior and Lateral |
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Term
| Regarding the brachial plexus: The ventral rami of what spinal cord segments forms the lower trunk? It contributes to what division(s)? |
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Definition
| C8-T1. Posterior and Medial |
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Term
| Regarding the brachial plexus: What are the terminal branches of the lateral cord? |
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Definition
| Musculocutaneous nerve and median nerve |
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Term
| Regarding the brachial plexus: What are the terminal branches of the posterior cord? |
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Definition
| Axillary nerve and radial nerve |
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Term
| Regarding the brachial plexus: What are the terminal branches of the medial cord? |
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Definition
| Median nerve and ulnar nerve |
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Term
1. What are the symptoms of Erb-Duchenne Syndrome?
2. Where is the damage?
3. What can cause it during delivery? |
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Definition
1. Inability to laterally rotate upper limb at the shoulder and inability to flew elbow
2. Superior trunk of brachial plexus
3. Pulling on infant's neck laterally |
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Term
1. What are the symptoms of Klumpke Syndrome?
2. Where is the damage?
3. What can cause it during delivery? |
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Definition
1. Inability to abduct or adduct fingers and wasting of the thenar and hypothenar eminences
2. Inferior trunk of brachial plexus
3. Pulling on infant's outstretched arm |
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Term
| What structure is responsible for preventing distal dislocation of the radius? |
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Definition
| Anular ligament of radius |
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Term
| Why is distal dislocation of the radius more common in children? |
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Definition
| Children have a cartilagenous head of the radius |
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Term
| What passes through the quadrangular space? |
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Definition
| Posterior humeral circumflex artery and vein, and axillary nerve |
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Term
| If the axillary nerve is damaged, what would be a major symptom. Name the muscle. |
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Definition
| Weakness of flexion of the upper arm. Deltoid. |
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Term
| What passes through Guyon's canal? |
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Definition
| Ulnar artery and vein, and deep ulnar nerve. |
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Term
| If the deep ulnar nerve is damaged, what would be a major symptom? Name the muscle |
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Definition
| "PAD" (Palmar interosseous muscles Adduct). Adduction of the fingers. Palmar interosseous muscles |
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Term
| What vascular structure and nerve are related to the midshaft of the humerous? |
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Definition
| Profunda brachii artery and vein, and radial nerve |
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Term
| If the radial nerve is damaged at the midshaft of the humerous, what would be a major symptom? Name the muscle. |
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Definition
Extension at the wrist. Paralysis of the extensor carpi radialis (longus and brevis), and extensor carpi ulnaris.
Note: This is naming muscles pertaining to this function only |
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Term
| What ligament(s) prevents the anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ligament(s) prevents shoulder separation? |
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Definition
| Coracoclavicular ligament |
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Term
| What two muscles when acting together extend the hand at the wrist without concomitant ulnar or radial deviation? |
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Definition
| Extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi ulnaris |
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Term
| What two muscles when acting together abduct the little finger without displacing the pisiform? |
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Definition
| abductor digiti minimi and flexor carpi ulnaris |
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Term
| What two muscles when acting together FORCEFULLY supinate the forearm without increasing the angle of the elbow? |
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Definition
| biceps brachii and triceps brachii |
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Term
| What nerve innervates the serratus anterior? |
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Definition
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Term
severe weakness on attempts to flex or abduct the upper limb at the shoulder:
a. Damaged nerve?
b. Paralyzed muscle? |
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Definition
a. Axillary nerve
b. Deltoid muscle |
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Term
any attempt to supinate forearm is accompanied by elbow flexion:
a. Damaged nerve?
b. Paralyzed muscle? |
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Definition
a. Deep radial nerve
b. Supinator muscle |
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Term
difficulty in abducting and adducting the fingers:
a. Damaged nerve?
b. Paralyzed muscle? |
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Definition
a. Deep ulnar nerve
b. Dorsal interossei, ventral interossei, abductor digiti minimi |
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Term
when patient holds a key between his thumb and the side of his index finger, the pollical interphalangeal joint is flexed:
a. Damaged nerve?
b. Paralyzed muscle? |
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Definition
a. Deep ulnar nerve
b. Adductor pollicus |
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Term
A woman accidently trips and falls onto her outstretched hands. She cuts her palm over the ball of the thumb. The cut doesn't seem that bad and she isn't in too much pain, so she washes her hand and bandages it herself. Later she notices she is having trouble writing or doing needlework with the injured hand.
(a) Name the structure she has probably damaged (be specific).
(b) Deficit in what motion explains the difficulties she is having. |
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Definition
a. Motor recurrent branch of the median nerve
b. Opposing the thumb |
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Term
| what causes clawing of the ring and pinky fingers (what injury)? |
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Definition
| Ulnar nerve palsy leading to paralysis of the ulnar lumbrical muscles |
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Term
| What is the function of the lumbrical muscles? What is their innervation pattern? If they are paralyzed, what will be a symptom? |
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Definition
| They are intrinsic extensors of the hand. Ring and pinky finger innervated by ulnar, rest are innervated by median. Clawing of fingers is a symptom of paralysis. |
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Term
| What is Wartenberg's sign? What causes it? |
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Definition
| Paralyzed palmar interosseus muscle without paralyzed flexor digitorum profundus (ulnar side). This causes hyperextension at the MCP joint without much clawing. Pinky finger will be abducted. |
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Term
| What is Dupuytren's contracture? What are its symptoms? |
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Definition
| Pathalogical shortening of the palmar aponeurosis which causes contracture of all the joints of the digits. Symptoms: concavity of thenar and hypothenar eminences, depression at the interosseus muscles, clawing of all digits, and atrophy of all intrinsic muscles. |
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Term
| What nerve damage leads to Dupuytren's contracture? |
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Definition
| Both median and ulnar nerves (or inferior trunk of the brachial plexus: C8-T1). |
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Term
| What causes Froment's sign? |
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Definition
| Damaged deep ulnar nerve that leads to paralysis of the adductor pollicus m. When grasping a piece of paper, the affected side will have the thumb flex at the DIP joint. Patient will also be unable to make a circle with their index finger and thumb on the affected side (thumb will flex at DIP joint) |
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Term
| On an x-ray, how can you distinguish avascular necrosis of the humeral head? |
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Definition
| Humeral head is deformed, collapsed, density is not normal, and is not rounded. Caused by poor blood supply to the bone. Associated with alcoholism, RA, and chronic steroid use. |
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Term
| How can you identify Hill Sach's Defect on x-ray? |
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Definition
| Looks like a concave defect of the humeral head. Caused by small impaction fracture of the greater tuberosity (a piece of the bone is missing). Caused by trying to put back a dislocated shoulder improperly |
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Term
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Definition
| Fracture through the anterior-inferior glenoid (visible on CT). Humeral head is dislocated antero-inferiorly |
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Term
| What are the branches of the subclavian artery? |
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Definition
| Vertebral artery, thyrocervical trunk, internal thoracic artery, and dorsal scapular artery |
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Term
| What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk? |
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Definition
| ascending cervical artery, inferior thyroid artery, transverse cervical a., and suprascapular a. |
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Term
| What are the anastamoses of the scapula? |
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Definition
Suprascapular artery (from thyrocervical trunk) with the circumflex scapular a. (branch from subscapular a, which comes from part 3 of axillary a.).
Dorsal scapular artery (from the subclavian a.) with the suprascapular a. (from the thyrocervical trunk) and the circumflex scapular a. |
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Term
| What are the anastamoses of the humeral head? |
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Definition
Acromial branch of the thoracoacromial a. with the posterior circumflex humeral a.
Posterior circumflex humeral a. with the anterior circumflex humeral a. |
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Term
| What are the branches of the first part of the axillary artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the branches of the second part of the axillary artery? |
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Definition
| Thoracoacromial a. (clavicular branch, acromial branch, deltoid branch, pectoral branch "cadavers are dead people") and lateral thoracic artery |
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Term
| What are the branches of the third part of the axillary artery? |
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Definition
| Subscapular artery, anterior and posterior circumflex humeral artery |
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Term
| What part of the brachial plexus contributes to the long thoracic nerve? What does this nerve innervate? |
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Definition
| Superior and middle trunks (C5-C7). Innervates serratus anterior. |
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Term
| What are the borders of the quadrangular space and what runs within it? |
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Definition
| Teres minor (superiorly), long head of triceps brachii (medial), teres major (inferior), diaphysis of humerus (lateral). Posterior circumflex artery and axillary nerve. |
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Term
| What does the distal tendon of the biceps brachii insert onto |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major anastamoses of the upper limb (not including hand)? |
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Definition
Superior ulnar collateral a. with posterior ulnar recurrent a.
Inferior ulnar collateral a. with anterior ulnar recurrent a.
Middle collateral a. with recurrent interosseous a
Radial collateral a. with radial recurrent a. |
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Term
| What are the superficial extensor muscles located in the forearm, from ulnar (medially) to radius (laterally)? |
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Definition
| ECU, extensor digiti minimi, EDC, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus |
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Term
| What are the deep extensor muscles located in the forearm, from distal to proximal in their origins? |
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Definition
| extensor indicus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus |
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Term
| Where do the FCU, palmaris longus, and FCU originate from? |
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Definition
| Medial epicondyle of humerus |
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Term
| What flexors of the arm (if any) are performed by the ulnar nerve? |
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Definition
| Ulnar portion of FDP (little and ring fingers), FCU |
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Term
| What gives off the anterior interosseus muscle of the forearm and what does this nerve innervate? |
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Definition
| Median nerve. It innervates flexor pollicus longus and the index and middle finger's flexor digitorum profundus muscles (FDP) |
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Term
| What gives off the deep radial nerve and what does it innervate? |
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Definition
Radial nerve. Innervates extensor carpi ulnaris, supinator, extensor digitorum communis, extensor digiti minimi
It's distal branch (posterior interosseus n.) innervates the abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, and extensor indicis |
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Term
| What injury can damage the deep radial nerve? |
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Definition
| fracture of the radial neck |
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