Term
| According to the U.S. Census, when did the majority of the U.S. population first live in cities? |
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Definition
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Term
| What city passed the earliest comprehensive zoning ordinance in the country? When was it approved? What did it provide? And by when did many other cities also have some type of zoning? |
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Definition
| NYC; 1916; regulated density w/ which land was developed, types of uses permitted, and physical configuration; 1920 |
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Term
| When was the Interstate Highway Act passed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Know general premise presented in The Death and Life of Great American Cities, who wrote it, and when it was published. |
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Definition
| Jane Jacobs 1961: Against Urban Renewal. Cities should be neighborhoods with variety on streets. Modern planning policies were destroying cities |
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Term
| What movement was spearheaded by Burnham? What was its philosophical intent? Know the major city plans to which Burnham contributed. |
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Definition
| City Beautiful; did not seek beauty for its own sake, but rather as a social control device for creating moral and civic virtue among urban populations. Beautification social order higher quality of life; 1909 Chicago Plan, 1902 Washington, D.C. Plan |
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Term
| The federal government entered the new town market as a result of a New Deal program. Know these new towns and the administrative office which oversaw these developments. |
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Definition
Greenbelt MD, Greenhill OH, Greendale WI,
Created by United States Resettlement Administration as part of the Emergency relief Appropriations Act
Spearheaded by Rexford Guy Tugwell: |
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Term
| Planning in the U.S. is largely a response to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Know the main characteristics of a City Beautiful design. |
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Definition
| symmetry, axial layout, formality, classicism, scale, municipal art, civic improvement, landscape design |
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Term
| Give three characteristics of the 1909 Plan of Chicago which made it a benchmark in planning. |
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Definition
| 25 mi of public shoreline, extended rail, lower wacker dr, planned for growth. (Very thorough and extensive) |
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Term
| City Beautiful plans for several or more cities have included focus on a key building. What is this building? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the term “walking city” mean? |
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Definition
| Most destinations are able to be walked to within a 2 mile time span. (able to get around without a car) |
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Term
| What is the largest national organization of professional planners? |
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Definition
| American Planning Association |
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Term
| What landscape movement is seen as the precursor to public parks? |
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Definition
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Term
| Be familiar with the pivotal book by Jacob Riis and why his work was particularly significant. |
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Definition
| “How the Other Half Lives” exposed inner city problems: overcrowding, health issues. Photographer + Journalist |
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Term
| 1909 was a big year for city planning. Know the four reasons why. |
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Definition
| Chicago Burnham Plan, first course in planning at Harvard, first city planning conference, |
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Term
| Community Development BLock Grants were part of what legislation? What previous program did this replace and what was the difference? |
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Definition
| Housing and Community Development Act of 1974. Federal government would be less involved with cities and hand out grants based on a formula. |
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Term
| Author “Improvement of Cities and Towns”; important in the establishment in planning; suggested the movement of pop. from cities to suburbs. From U of I |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Designed Radburn, part of super block movement |
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Term
| What highly significant large prehistoric city was in Illinois? |
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Definition
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Term
| What plan was notable for reviving significant aspects of an earlier plan done by Pierre-Charles L’Enfant? |
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Definition
| McMillan Plan of Washington D.C. Burnham and Olmsted Jr. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Who designed Washington D.C the first time around? |
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Definition
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Term
| • What prompted the New York zoning ordinance and why is it a milestone in planning? |
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Definition
| Overcrowding in railroad tenement housing. First regulation on land use. |
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Term
By the end of the 20th century, land use regulation had ceased being purely a method for
preventing property owners from causing harm to their neighbors to also provide what other function(s)? |
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Definition
| acheiving community goals, improving connectivity in a neighborhood, preservation. |
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Term
| • What is the power of eminent domain, who exercises it, and is does compensation play a role? |
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Definition
| The government can take property for public purpose if it gives just compensation to the property owner. |
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Term
| • What is a “taking” and which constitutional amendment(s) protect us from this? |
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Definition
| limiting a site potential as through zoning. ex a 12 story building is more profitable than a 6, but zoning will not allow it. this is “taking” from the owner’s possible income. similar to eminent domain without the compensation. Amendment 5 protects us |
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Term
| • What is “Home Rule?” In Illinois, what communities are automatically Home Rule units? |
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Definition
| Home rule involves municipalities governing themselves with minimal state intervention. Home rule communities can be exempted by meeting state requirements. Communities in Illinois greater than 25,000 population automatically have Home Rule |
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Term
| refined “nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation" in in the fifth amendment to “private property could be taken for a public purpose with just compensation. Made municipal it easier for Municipalities to do Economic Development projects. Removing urban blight became a public purpose. |
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Definition
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Term
| • What was the first and only Supreme Court case challenging the constitutionality of local historic preservation ordinances and when was the decision made? |
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Definition
| Penn Central Transportation Co. v City of New York, N.Y. |
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Term
| Why is planning political? |
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Definition
| involves matters in which ppl have large emotional stakes; visible –involves entities citizens see and know about; close at hand –planning questions are more accessible to citizens than those handled at state or national level; citizens correctly assume they know something about planning –insight into planning questions; involves decisions with large financial consequences |
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Term
| What is a Comprehensive Plan? |
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Definition
| basic plan prepared to guide development of a community. long term ~20 yrs. |
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Term
| While comprehensive plans should be tailored to each individual community, most plans would include certain topics. What are some of these? |
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Definition
| health, public safety, circulation, provisions of services & facilities, environmental protection, redistributive goals, fiscal health, economic goals |
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Term
| 5 Phases of Planning Process |
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Definition
1. research phase
2. clarification of community goals and objectives
3. period of plan formulation
4. period of plan implementation
5. period of review and revision |
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Term
| • Community Capital has five sub-sets. Be able to briefly define these. |
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Definition
Physical Capital
Financial Capital
Environmental Capital
Human Cpaital
Social Capital |
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Term
| • Know the dimensions of social capital. |
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Definition
| Shared experiences between neighbors that build trust in between people. |
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Term
Levy notes 2 broad categories of direct actions available to municipalities to follow
through on the land-use patterns as presented in the comprehensive plan. Know these
and what each includes. |
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Definition
1. public capital investment ?
2. legal controls over the use of privately owned property |
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Term
| What is subdivision regulation? |
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Definition
| controls the manner in which blocks of land over a certain size may be converted into building blocks |
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Term
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Definition
best known form of land-use control
contains:
site layout requirements; requirements for structure characteristics; uses to which structures may be put; procedural matters |
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Term
What are some techniques that have evolved in recent years to endeavor to make zoning
more flexible |
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Definition
| “Bonus” or “Incentive” Zoning; transfer of development rights; inclusionary zoning; planned unit development; cluster zoning; performance zoning; development agreements; exactions |
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Term
What might the text of a zoning ordinance include in addition to permitted uses within
each of the districts? |
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Definition
| set back requirements, bulk regulations, possibly design restrictions |
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Term
There are always exceptions to the rule. What recourse would I have via standard city
procedures if I wanted to do something that is not allowable in the zoning ordinance? |
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Definition
| apply for relief from the Planning Board of appeals |
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Term
| What two boards or commissions might you deal with for zoning issues in a typical city? |
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Definition
| Planning Commision, Zoning Board of appeals |
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Term
| Be able to recognize a brief definition of Urban Design as discussed in class. |
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Definition
| Design of the grouping, and connectivity of a section of a city. |
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Term
| • Baron Haussmann’s work in Paris from 1855 to 1869 was significant for what reasons? |
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Definition
| Major example of the human ability to shape the urban environment; one of the first people to be called urban designer |
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Term
| What did the French-Swiss architect, LeCorbusier’s famous Voisin Plan for Paris propose? What American movement did this idea inspire? |
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Definition
| high rise residential buildings in a park like setting; buildings raised up on columns to not disrupt pedestrian flow |
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Term
| What did R. Buckminister Fuller propose for Manhattan? |
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Definition
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Term
Kevin Lynch found that users of a city understood their surroundings in consistent and
predictable ways, forming mental maps with 5 elements. What are these and very briefly, to what does each refer? |
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Definition
Paths: Streets
edges: boundries, walls, shorelines,
districts: large sections associated by idenity
nodes: focal points, intersections
landmarks: readily identifiable objects which serve as reference points. |
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Term
• What Act was especially significant in the field of historic preservation and be familiar
with the federal review, governmental network (states), and property recognition
programs created by this Act in very general terms |
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Definition
| National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 |
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Term
Be familiar with the three tiers of recognition programs for historic properties. Only one
of these tiers provides protection for properties - at what level does this occur? |
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Definition
Be familiar with the three tiers of recognition programs for historic properties. Only one
of these tiers provides protection for properties - at what level does this occur?
National Historic Landmarks are protected
National Register of Historic Places
??? |
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Term
| • How is public transportation paid for? |
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Definition
1/3 fares
2/3 tolls and taxes and a variety of grants and subsidies |
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Term
| • How is public transportation paid for? |
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Definition
1/3 fares
2/3 tolls and taxes and a variety of grants and subsidies |
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Term
| • Why should the government subsidize public transportation? |
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Definition
| some ppl cannot use private transportation; public trans improves circulation; public trans improves environmental quality; public trans permits more compact urban design; benefits non-users also; income redistribution |
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Term
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Definition
| transit oriented development—high density area laid out so everyone is w/in 10 min. walk of a transit stop. associated with peter calthrop, prominent neotraditionalist. |
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Term
| What are some federal housing programs? Who administers? |
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Definition
1961 –Area Redevelopment Admin. ARA
1965 –Economic Development Admin. EDA
CDBG –Community Development Block Grants
UDAG –Urban Development Action Grants |
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Term
| • What are the 5 stages in the disaster cycle as described by Professor Olshansky? |
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Definition
Mitigation
preparedness
response
recovery |
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Term
| • What does the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 require? |
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Definition
| Pre-disaster mitigation. (More effort to make the physical damage and recovery effort less expensive and easier to fund preventive measures. |
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Term
| What federal act and incentive from that act encourages private investors to enter the low-income housing market? |
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Definition
| Tax Reform Act of 1986 with the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit |
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Term
| What impact is the federal Hope VI program having in terms of the number of housing units? |
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Definition
| HOPE VI is not required to replace old housing units with new housing units in a one to one ratio. HOPE VI is making public housing more in line with New Urbanism. |
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Term
Who said this over 200 years ago: Then I say the earth
belongs to each of these generations during its course, fully, and in their own right. The second
generation receives it clear of the debts and encumbrances of the first, the third of the second, and
so on. For if the first could change it with a debt, then the earth would belong to the dead and not
the living generation. |
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Definition
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Term
| limiting construction to single family homes on large lots promoted class and racial segregation |
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Definition
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Term
| Local laws and zoning requirements to reach a specific community goal. |
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Definition
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Term
| 1926 –first significant case regarding relatively new practice of zoning & served to substaintially bolster zoning ordinances in town’s nation wide & other countries including Canada |
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Definition
| the significance of the Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty and the year of the decision. |
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Term
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Definition
ideology –national master plan sounds like socialism
formidableness of the task – US is about 3 million sq. mi. (the lower 48 states)
federal system of government –great deal of power lay w/ the states’ congressional delegates |
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Term
| National Resource Planning Board |
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Definition
| F.D.R. New Deal Program in the Great Depression under the Department of the Interrior. |
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