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| A psychiatrist who developed an approach to treating psychological problems in which the goal was to change the thoughts that led to the problems |
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| An early greek philosopher who suggested that differences in behavior were the result of differences in experience |
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| An explanation for behavior which suggests that behavior is learned (conditioned). Developed originally by John b. Watson |
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| the approach in which it is assereted that psychologists should study obserable behaviors rather than unobservable factors such as the unconscious or thinking. Developed by John b. Watson and associated primarily with behavioral perspective |
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| a psychologist who was a leader in the humanistic movement |
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| An explanation for behavior which suggets that behavior is controlled by what individuals think |
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| an approach to psychology in which investigators study how experiences help people adapt to situations. This movement was influenced by Charles darwin and Led by William James |
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| An approach to psychology in which it is thought that experiences can be best understood when parts are considered as a unified whole |
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| An early Greek physician who thought variations in behvior were caused by differing levels of humors (fluids) in the body. |
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| an explanation for behavior which suggets that humans strive for self-fulfillment and are motivated by a basic goodness. Developed originally by carl Rogers |
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| A method used by early psychologists to study mental processes. It involved subjective descriptions of what individuals were thinking or feeling |
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| "The psychologist who introduced the behavioral perspective. Famous for the case of ""little Albert""" |
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| the idea that the mind (what we think and feel) is separate from the body and there is little interaction between the mind and the body |
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| physiological perspective |
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| an explanation for behavior which suggests that behavior is controlled by physiological factors such as brain chemistry and structures |
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| psychodynamic perspective |
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| an explanation for behavior which suggests that behavior is controlled by unconscious processes. Developed originally by Sigmund Freud |
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| The Scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| a neurologist who developed the notion of the unconscious when he was trying to explain physical symptoms for which a physical cause could not be found |
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| An approach to psychology in which investigators study the components that go together to make up an experience. This movement was led by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchner |
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| "Established the first psychology laboratory in 1879 at the university of Leipzig, Germany" |
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| a statement about an expected relationship. Often a starting point for research |
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| an example that usually fit what is expected from an hypothesis |
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| "investigations in which observations are made of the behavior of individuals, usually in a natural habitat" |
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| "investigations in which data on two variables are collected from each individual in a group, and then a correlation coefficient is computed to determine whether the variables are related toe ach other" |
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| correlation coefficient ® |
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| "a statistic that indicates (a) the degree to which one variable is related to another variable, (b) the strength of the relationship, and © whether the relationship holds across many people" |
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| "indicates that individuals with high scores on one variable are likely to have high scores on the other variable, and vice versa" |
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| indicates that individuals with high scores on one variable are likely to have low scores on the other variable and vice versa |
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| "investigations in which we manipulate (change) one variable in one group but not in another group, and then determine whether the change leads to a change in a second variable" |
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| the variable whose effects we are studying and which we manipulate in an experiment. This variable is expected to influence the dependent variable |
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| the condition in an experiment in which the independent variable is manipulated |
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| the variable that is expected to be influenced by the independent variable |
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| the condition in an experiment in which the independent variable is not manipulated |
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| investigations in which the same group of individuals is measured repeatedly over a period of time; used to assess the effects of time or aging |
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| investigations in which individuals of different ages are compared on a variable; an indirect way to assess the effects of time or aging |
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| investigations in which the characteristics of the members of one biological family are compared to the characteristics of the members of another biological family; usually to assess the effects of genes |
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| investigations in which the similarity of identical twins is compared to similarity of non-identical twins; usually used to assess the effects of genes |
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| studies of adoptees and their parents |
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| investigations in which individuals who were raised by nonbiological parents are compared to their biological and nonbiological parents usually used to assess the effects of genes |
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| research in which answers to questions are used to measure attitudes and behaviors |
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| an experiment is said to be this if the procedures justify the conclusion that is drawn (i.e. there are no confounds) |
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| "a variable that systematically changes along with the independent variable, making it impossible to draw a conclusion about what caused a difference in a dependent variable. This variable means to confuse or ruin" |
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| something that itself does not have any effect but which has an effect because an individual expects it to have an effect |
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| facilitated communication |
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| a technique designed to help individuals who suffer from mental retardation or autism communicate. The facilitator holds an individual's hand over a keyboard and the individual supposedly types messages |
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| a research procedure in which neither the participants nor the experiments know which participants are in which condition; used to avoid biases due to expectations of participants and experimenters |
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| "the degree to which the results of research can be applied usually to the ""real world""" |
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| research in which procedures are used that are similar to but not as extreme as those in which we are really interested; usually used to avoid practical and ethical problems in research |
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| quasi-experimental research |
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| research in which naturally occurring situations are used rather than experimental manipulations; usually used to avoid practical and ethical problems |
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| the process of explaining the true nature and goals of research after the research is over. Often used to eliminate the deceptions that were used during the research |
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| "a measure of the most typical or representative score in a distribution; the mean, mode, or median" |
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| the average score in a distribution of scores |
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| the most frequently occurring score in a distribution |
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| the middle score in a distribution |
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| the degree to which the scores are spread out around the mean of the distribution |
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| the absolute spread of scores in a distribution |
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| the average (squared) differences between the mean and each score in the distribution |
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| the square root of the variance |
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| repeating an experiment to determine whether the findings are reliable |
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| findings that are not due to chance are said to be reliable. Findings are considered to be this if they would be expected to occur fewer than five times in a hundred by chance |
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| statistically significant |
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| findings that are reliable are often referred to as this |
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| "a procedure in which an individual moves his or her hands over the body of another person in an attempt to identify problems with ""energy fields"" that are causing illnesses. When problem areas are identified, the individual attempts to smooth them out and thereby cure the illness" |
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