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Definition
• A set of components functioning together as a whole
• A collection of recognizable units
1. Cohesion (Units hold together)
2. Covariance (Units change together)
• Units are interdependent
• each system has boundary, input, an essential transformation, and outputs |
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Term
| Contemporary farming is DYSFUNCTIONAL |
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Definition
| Dysfunction= a practice or behavior pattern that undermines the stability of the system |
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Term
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Definition
| "Ultimately, systems thinking simplifies life by helping us see the deeper pattern lying behind the event." |
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Definition
| " Systems Thinking is a tool for analyzing complexity." |
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Definition
| Whole entities have an existence that is more than the sum of its parts |
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Definition
• Latent Functions
- unanticipated effects can be negative |
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Definition
•All things are interconnected
• All systems are subsystems of the Universe |
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Definition
| " All things are connected. We did not create the web of life, only a strand. What we do to it, we do to ourselves." |
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Definition
Everything is connected to everything else
• Does not apply to synthetic chemicals |
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Definition
Everything must go someplace
• Does apply to synthetic chemicals |
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Definition
| Only in understanding the entire system can scientists predict change |
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Term
| Systems Thinking as a philosophy |
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Definition
• Requires all-encompassing comprehensive assessments
• Reveals interconnections
• Illuminates the values of all parts to the whole
• Requires looking upstream and downstream |
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Term
| Systems thinking as a means of addressing problems |
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Definition
1. Diverging
- try to understand contents in which thing occurs
2. Assimilating
- bringing info. from many sources and trying to conceptualize
3. Converge
- compare with 2
4. Accommodating
- bargaining |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(def) The nourishing substance in food that are essential for:
1. Growth of the infant
2. Development that leads to adult life
3. Maintenance of adult body (less need) |
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Term
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Definition
| 10 Million children under 5 die every year |
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Term
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Definition
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids |
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Term
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Definition
1. Vitamins
2. Proteins
3. Lipids |
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Definition
• energy needs met first above all others
• protein only occurs after energy needs met
• infants need more energy than calories |
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Term
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Definition
| Exists when caloric intake is below the minimum dietary energy requirements (MDER) |
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Term
| Minimum Dietary Energy Requirements (MDER) |
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Definition
| amount of energy needed for light activity and a minimum height and weight |
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Definition
Leading source of energy for most people around world
• carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
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Definition
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Definition
| Starches, beans, millet, casava, breads, pasta |
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Definition
Function: major part of body structure such as muscles, bones, blood and immune system
• carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
• made up of 20 amino acids |
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Definition
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Definition
| contain all 9 essential AAs |
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Definition
| Low in 1 or 2 essential AAs |
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Definition
| 10 lbs of grain to make 1 lb of meat |
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Definition
Provide major source and storage form of energy in the body
• hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen
• essential fats are required for membrane function, immune function, many regulatory mechanisms |
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Definition
Main role is to enable chemical reactions to occur in body
• wide variety of structures
• do not provide energy |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
provide critical role in metabolic process and nervous system
• Simple, groups of 1 or more of the same atom
• do not provide energy |
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Definition
| Body requires 100mg or more a day |
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Definition
| Body requires small amounts per day |
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Term
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Definition
Vital in body as solvent and lubrication
Medium for transporting nutrients and waste
Medium for maintaining body temp regulation
•H20, human adult/ infant body= 60/70%
M |
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Term
| Micronutrient Deficiencies |
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Definition
1. Lack of Iron
2. Lack of Vitamin A
3. Iodine deficiency
(4. zinc deficiency) |
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Term
| Macronutrient Deficiencies |
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Definition
| Chronic energy deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
Most widespread nutritional problem in the world today (1 billion people)
• Africa & Asia less than 40% population has iron deficiency
• most common and important deficiency
• US- 1/3 premenopausal women suffer |
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Definition
| night vision, skin maintenance, mucosal integrity |
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Definition
| Night blindness, leads to permanent blindess |
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Definition
Essential for hormone (thyroid)
normal cognitive and neuromotor development
Physical growth and vigor |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Food shortage, prolonged semi-starvation, early weaning or infrequent feeding of infant |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Root cause of Soil Infertility |
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Definition
1. decrease in animal manure inputs
2. decrease in fallowing
3. decrease in cheap energy
4. climate change |
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Term
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Definition
Thin skin (.2%) of Earth
37 bill acres |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Sand- doesn't hold water (biggest)
2. Silt- in the middle (mid-size)
3. clay- Holds water well (smallest) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Acid
H+, OH-
2. Neutral
H+, OH-
3. Alkaline |
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Term
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Definition
• purifies water
• recycling system
• medium for plant growth
• habitat for microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
• Climate
• Topography
• Where it is forming
• Parent material
• Biological activity
• Time |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of soil's ability to supply nutrients required for optimum plant growth |
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Term
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Definition
Salty
Sandy
Basic
Low-fertility |
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Term
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Definition
Non-salty
Loamy (silty/clayey)
Neutral
High Fertility |
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Term
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Definition
Leached
Clayey
Acidic
Low-Fertility |
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Term
| Plant Essential Nutrients |
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Definition
| 18 Elements from Periodic table; plants need all to grow |
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Term
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Definition
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Plants get CHO from other soil
Plants get N from air |
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Term
| What makes an Element an essential nutrient? |
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Definition
• Required for growth and reproduction
• Performs a function
• Direct action in energy generation and cell formation |
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Term
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Definition
NEUTRAL pH has the optimum growth capacity (6-7)
Found in US and Easter Europe
Called 'mollisols' |
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Term
| Benefits of Soil organic matter |
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Definition
• Chemical properties
• Physical properties
- water |
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Term
| Chemical Properties of Soil |
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Definition
• Nutrients
- esp. Nitrogen (legumes)
-nutrient storage
- increased available nutrients ( Iron and Phosphorus)
- Stabilizes pH |
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Term
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Definition
• Structure
• Water Storage
• Water infiltration
• Seed emergence |
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Term
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Definition
• one of the most important reactions for life
• 200 trillion tons fixed per year
• Necessary for protein synthesis |
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Term
| Where do nutrients come from? |
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Definition
• Lithosphere
• Biosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Atmosphere
ALL subsystems interact with and influence each other |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy source for all nutrient interactions and influences |
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Term
| How much of human food comes ultimately from the soil? |
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Definition
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Term
| LIFE DEPENDS OF A COMPLEX WEB OF INTERCONNECTED CYCLES |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we obtain nutrients? |
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Definition
• Mining (hunting/gathering)
• Farming |
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Term
| Bawden's 1st Law of Agricultural Ecology |
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Definition
| Man's agricultural practices contravene nature's quest for stability |
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Term
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Definition
| Through an orderly and predictable process, ecosystems develop toward a stable, steady state |
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Term
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Definition
| Farming knocks down nature's stages of succession, and damages underlying roots |
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Term
| Challenge of Sustainable Agriculture |
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Definition
| Applying sufficient technology to produce an agricultural surplus sufficient to meet human food needs without destroying cycle on which life depends |
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Term
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Definition
Nitrogen
Ammonia
-high temperatures
-high use of natural gas
-injected into the soil |
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Term
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Definition
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Water |
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Term
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Definition
Carbs~50%
Fats~ 30%
Protein~ 20% |
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Term
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Definition
| Long chains of saccharide units linked together (starches, fiber-grains, legumes, veggies, corn) |
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Term
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Definition
| Short Chains of saccharide units, mono-unit (glucose, fructose, galactose, HFCS) |
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Term
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Definition
Long chains of glucose, where most of the energy is between the carbon bonds
When broken down into HFCS, it's broken at hydrogen bonds. This takes out the nutrients that would be found in corn. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| monosaccharide units of glucose and sucrose that do not need to be broken down in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Disaccharide untis that need to be broken down in the body. Has the same nutritional value as honey |
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Term
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Definition
• simple sugar
• present in significant quantities of fruits and some veggies
• largest source of fructose in diet from added sugar to processed foods |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Fructose is absorbed into the small intestine and transported to the liver.
It is then converted to fat.
Liver is the most important site of fructose metabolism. |
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Term
| Concerns about Fructose consumption |
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Definition
• adverse effects on blood lipids
• increased potential fructosylation
• obesity |
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Term
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Definition
• Unlikely due to one thing
• Increased calories (sugars and HFCS significant contributors)
• Inactivity
• Consumption of processed foods
• Consumption of food outside the home |
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Term
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Definition
Eating frequency (snacking), edible oils, refined foods, reduced consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes
Larger portions |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1950s, developed dwarf, high-yield, disease resistant grain varieties |
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Term
| Green Revolution Requirements |
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Definition
• Expensive, hybrid seeds
• Mechanized farm machinery
• High inputs of irrigation water, chemical fertilizers, chemical herbicides and pesticides
• unintended consequences and latent effects (pollution) |
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Term
| Historical Agriculture in Europe |
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Definition
Dry wheat
Extensive farming |
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Term
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Definition
Wet Rice
Intensive farming |
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Term
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Definition
Uses European extensive farming
high technology |
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Term
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Definition
Decision making within a complex community
- soft systems |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Inadvertent damage to the environment
• climate change
• disease
• failed trading partnership
• societies responses to problems |
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Term
| Symptoms of a loss of Diversity |
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Definition
• Soil Erosion
• Lower productivity and/or higher cost
• Floods/Droughts
• Noxious Plants
• Insects
• Rural Poverty and dying towns
• Increasing size of central bureaucracy
• Greater/ more severe disease outbreaks
• Breakdown of Social structure |
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Term
| Where does food come from? |
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Definition
Soil
In 1 tsp= 25,000 different species |
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Term
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Definition
• Efficiency
• works well with hard systems |
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Term
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Definition
Working with complex systems in which problems came up
Works well with soft systems |
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Term
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Definition
• Goal or objective
• Resources Available
• Tools at your disposal
• Strategic and Action Plan
• Assume Correctness
• Test and make changes |
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Term
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Definition
• Each important decision will be made toward holistic goal
• north magnet |
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Term
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Definition
• Always what you want
• Reflects your values
• consider ecological, social, economic parameters
• Looks far into the future to describe the resource base needed by future generations |
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Term
| Tools we use in Holistic Management |
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Definition
• Human creativity
• money and labor
• Rest
• Fire
• Technology
• Living Organisms
• Grazing
• Animal Impact |
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Term
| Decisions Test For Holistic Management |
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Definition
• Problem or Symptom?
• Weak link? Social, biological, money
• Marginal reaction
• gross profit analysis
• energy/money- source and use
• sustainability
• society and culture
• monitor |
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Term
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Definition
• Herbicides
• Insecticides
• Milisides |
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Term
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Definition
Primary- first time pull seal through field
Secondary- get it to receive seeds
Intertillage- cultivating between rows of crops, exclusive for weed control |
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Term
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Definition
| Traditional plant breeding, including mating specific plants and sorting through next generation to find desirable genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of DNA between plants that are not closely related |
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