Term
|
Definition
| compounds to build proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adenosine triphosphate, provides energy. The structure is 3 phosphate groups which are sugar molecule, ribose, and adenine the function of this is when there is a removal of the phosphate there is energy released |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the building blocks of the DNA double helix, and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA and RNA. Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding, are AGCT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (sugars): compased of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen are starch, sugar, cellulose, & fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules of life are: based on carbon (organic chemistry), made of 6 main elements (CHNOPS), modular meaning their built from simple units, Their molecular shapes determine their function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all living things are made of cells, which are like chemical factories. Every cells has an inside & an outside separated by a membrane, every cell uses raw materials & energy to produce new chemicals, every cell must contain information on how to operate & how to make new cells, Two kinds of cells- Prokaryotes “before nucleus” NO nucleus Eukaryotes “true nucleus” Yes nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(is the cells wall in plants), isolate the cell & separate cell parts,
Transport individual molecules and are channels for specific materials. Receptors bind molecules and encapsulate the cell wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains DNA, Prokaryotes have no nucleus, is the brains of the cell, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of carbon, is a carbohydrate, links of sugar molecules in a plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| power plants, plants & animals, produces the cell’s ATP, double membrane, has its own DNA ONLY in plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a genetic cook book with thousands of protein recipes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - one 3-letter genetic word that defines an amino acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbohydrate, edible portion of plant cells walls resistant to digestions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA- structure- join the nucleotides by altering the phosphates & sugars, DNA is 2 strands of nucleotides joined by base pairs, the bonding pattern is Adenine:thymine cystosine:guanine
DNA replication: dna replication occurs mitosis & meiosis by 1. DNA double helix splits 2. New bases bond to exposed bases 3. Results in 2 identical DNA strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are proteins responsible for breaking down amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Fat (saturated and unsaturated)- |
|
Definition
| Fat (saturated and unsaturated)- lipids are fats saturated= from animals & had fatty acids, single bond unsaturated=1+ double bonds, oils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fermentation - obtaining energy through pyruvic acid, Pyruvic acid=small molecules+ATP ex. Vinegar, alcohol, carbonic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fiber- carbohydrate, in plants, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genome- all of the genetic material of an organism (23 volumes for humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gene- the recipe for 1 protein typically with >100 genetic words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucose- found in plants, stores energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lipid- fatty acids that don’t dissolve in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Messenger RNA-(messenger RNA) - It's the only type of RNA that carries protein-building information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mitochondria-(mtDNA is maternally inherited unaltered form your mother) power plants, plant cell only, energy transformation through chlorophyll, has a double membrane, were ATP is manufactured, = mtDNA, maternally inherited unaltered from your mother, genetic material from common ancestors called genetic anthropology to trace ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mitosis-- when 1 cell becomes 2 (most cellular division in the body), humand have 23 paits (before division there’s 46 pairs), with 2 daughter cells the same as the parent, is non-sexual cell division, in a multi step process 1. Copy chromosomes 2. Spindle fibers 3. Migration of chromosomes 4. Nuclear membrane reforms Process that heals cuts! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meiosis- 1 becomes 4 gametes, the crossing-over or reshuffling is the end of meiosis, the recombination yields different mix of genes, is sexual reproduction where 2 cell forms 4 games with each gametes being genetically unique is a multistep process with 1. Copy chromosomes 2. Crossing over = 4 daughter cells each with ½ the number of chromosoomes & each is unique |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleic acid - building blocks of living organisms, are large biological molecules essential for all known forms of life. They include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleotide- the building blocks of nucleic acids: nucleotides are made of 3 molecules 1. Sugar DNA:deoxyribose RNA:ribose 2. Phosphate ion 3.Base Adenine=A Guanine=G Cytosine=C Thymine=t |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organelle- any specialized cell structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Photosynthesis- plants making sugar from sunlight, energy (light)+CO2+H2O=Glucose+O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polymer- is a chemical compound or mixture of compounds consisting of repeating structural units created |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein- sequence of amino acids, primary=chain of amino acids, secondary=folding of chain, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein receptor- binding proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pyruvic acid- colorless organic liquid formed by the breakdown of carbohydrates and sugars during cell metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Respiration- Glucose+O2=Energy+CO2+H2O, glucose is broken down, CO2 is produced, ATP is produced to serve as energy-carrying molecules, this results in 36-38 ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ribosome- are cell organelles that consist of RNA and proteins. They are responsible for assembling the proteins of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA- a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Starch- a carbohydrate composed of Carbon, long slow released of energy b/c of bonding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sugar- compased of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, are total carbohydrates, is quick energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transfer RNA- ype of RNA that delivers amino acids to ribosomes during translation in the order specified by the mRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Virus - a virus is a loop of genetic material made of DNA or RNA wrapped around in proteins, it infects a cell by using the universal genetic code, they are not alive have no metabolisms & can’t reproduce on their own. They are structed as a short DNA or RNA with a protein coating. They work by being taken into a cell, taking over a cell, producing more copies, & killing the cell |
|
|
