Term
| What is primary prevention? |
|
Definition
| strategies emphasize general health promotion, risk factor reduction, and other health protective measures. These strategies include health education and health promotion programs designed to foster healthier lifestyles and environmental health programs designed to improve environmental quality. Specific examples of primary prevention measures include immunization against communicable diseases; public health education about good nutrition, exercise, stress management, and individual responsibility for health; chlorination and filtration of public water supplies; and legislation requiring child restraints in motor vehicles. |
|
|
Term
What is an example of “the most” upstream thinking?
turning the oxygen on before placing the nasal cannula on the patient
Teaching a COPD patient about the effects of oxygen
Educating 4th graders about the effects of smoking
Screening 4th graders for risks of second hand smoking |
|
Definition
| Educating 4th graders about the effects of smoking |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are examples of primary prevention?
A. scoliosis screening
B. sex education
C. giving Coumadin to prevent complications of atrial fibrillation
D. putting a barrier dressing on a pressure ulcer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
QUALITATIVE
The study of humans and humankind, including their origins, behavior, social relationships, physical and mental characteristics, customs, and development though time and in all places in the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
QUANTITATIVE
The study of the distribution and determinants of states of health and illness in human populations. The community replaces the individual as the focus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the epidemiological triad? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How intense or vigilant is the agent?
AGENT: How is the virus/bacteria/chemicals/pollution attacking? Is it easily fought off? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HOST: Who got it? How bad was it? Why was the extent worse than in others? Is there a predisposition?
What was the extent of exposure? What about genetic or immunological susceptibility? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Biological, social, political, physical.
Government? Standards of care? Etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| THE AMOUNT OF CASES IN GENERAL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of cases per a certain amount of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CASES
------
FULL POPULATION x 100,000 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The probability that people without the condition will develop the condition over a certain period of time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rate of both new and old cases in a designated period of time is the number in the numerator |
|
|
Term
4000 people live in a city. Since 2000, 600 people have been diagnosed with COPD. Since 2013 100 more people have been diagnosed with COPD.
1) What is the prevalence rate in 2012 out of 1000? |
|
Definition
| 600/4000 = 0.15 x 1,000 = 150 |
|
|
Term
4000 people live in a city. Since 2000, 600 people have been diagnosed with COPD. Since 2013 100 more people have been diagnosed with COPD.
2) What is the incidence rate today out of 1000? |
|
Definition
100/3,400 = 0.294 x 1,000 = 29.4
DENOMINATOR IN #2 IS 3,400 BECAUSE 600 ALREADY HAVE COPD SO THEY ARE NOT SUCCEPTIBLE |
|
|
Term
| What is the numerator in incidence? |
|
Definition
| who died with the specific cause in the last year |
|
|
Term
| What is the denominator in incidence? |
|
Definition
| who has the potential of dying with the specific cause in the last year |
|
|
Term
| Why do you want to know specific rates? |
|
Definition
| This makes the frequency more descriptive! |
|
|
Term
| What do Specific rates: Who, where and when show us? |
|
Definition
Differences in frequency between groups
Areas of agreement
Variations in data that may present clues for prevention of the condition. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of research studies in epidemiology? |
|
Definition
1. Observational
2. Interventional |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of observational studies? |
|
Definition
Descriptive- collection of characteristics
Analytical- comparison between groups |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of descriptive studies? |
|
Definition
Case Studies
Cross-Sectional Studies |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of analytical studies |
|
Definition
Cohort or Prospective (forward)
Case-Control or Retrospective (backward) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of experimental studies? |
|
Definition
1. Experimental
2. Quasiexperimental |
|
|
Term
| What is an experimental study? |
|
Definition
| (Therapeutic trials) usually on secondary prevention. (Random Control Trial) |
|
|
Term
| What is a quasi experimental study? |
|
Definition
| usually on primary prevention intervention (non-Random Control Trial) |
|
|
Term
| I am collecting data from hospital records. What type research am I doing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| I am comparing two groups who have had different type education strategies. I am randomly choosing students for the study. What type research best describes this study? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there is a statistically significant relationship between ___&___ |
|
|
Term
| What is a null hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| there is not a statistically significant relationship between ___&___ |
|
|
Term
| What is the level of significance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calculated probability is the estimated probability of rejecting the null hypothesis (H0) of a study question when that hypothesis is true. |
|
|
Term
| What is the level of significance where you accept the null hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| If the level of significance is .05 or p<.05 then a true null hypothesis would be rejected 5 out of 100 times ‘by chance’. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a false positive conclusion (rejecting a null hypothesis that is true). Fix: decrease the level of significance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a false negative conclusion(accepted a null hypothesis that is false). Fix: larger sample |
|
|
