1. Unconditioned Response

2. Neural Stimulus

3. Unconditioned Response

4. Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response

1. Before conditioning a dog witnesses a bowl of food and  the dog begins to salivate.

2.  A dog hears a ding sound and has no salivation.

3. During conditioning the dog hears a sound and salivates.

4. Now every time the dog hears that sound it salivates.

Label each conditioning and non conditioned phase.

 After having been struck by a car, a dog now exhibits fear response every time a car approaches. The dog also exhibits a fear response to the approach of a bus, a truck, a bicycle, and even a child’s wagon. The dog has undergone a process of

(A) stimulus discrimination

(B) stimulus generalization

(C) spontaneous recovery

(D) backward conditioning

(E) differential reinforcement

 Every time Reynaldo does well on his report car, his parents take him out for ice cream. This is an example of

(A) negative reinforcement

(B) negative punishment

(C) positive punishment

(D) habituation

(E) positive reinforcement

Taste aversion research has demonstrated that

(A) Taste is the most fundamental of the senses

(B) There are biological dispositions involved in learning

(C) Animals must evaluate situation cognitively before taste aversion develops

(D) Taste aversion is a universal survival mechanism

(E) A US must occur within seconds of a CS for conditioning to occur

A student studies long and hard to avoid the bad feelings associated with a low grade on a test. In this case, the studying behavior is being strengthened because of

(A) Positive reinforcement

(B) Negative reinforcement

(C) Delayed reinforcement

(D) Primary reinforcement

(E) Conditioned reinforcement

Edward Thorndick’s law of effect

(A) Establishes the difference between positive and negative reinforcement

(B) Shows that behavior maintained by partial reinforcement is more resistant to extinction that behavior maintained by continuous reinforcement

(C) Demonstrates how shaping can be used to establish operant conditioning

(D) States that reward behavior is more likely to happen again

(E) Relates to the limited effectiveness of punishment

While giving your friend directions to a local fast-food restaurant, you close your eyes and recall all the landmarks that are on the way. This is an example of

(A) A cognitive map

(B) Latent learning

(C) An overt behavior

(D) Discriminative process

(E) A variable-ratio reinforcement

Which of the following responses is

 not learned through operant conditioning?

(A) A rat learning to press a bar to get food

(B) Dogs jumping over a hurdle to avoid electric shock

(C) Fish swimming to the top of the tank when a light goes on

(D) Pigeons learning to turn in circles for a reward

(E) Studying hard for good grades on tests

The risk of major depression and bipolar disorder dramatically increases if you

a. Have suffered a debilitating injury

b. Have an adoptive parent that has the disorder

c. Have a parent or sibling with the disorder

d. Have a life-threatening illness

e. Have above-average intelligence

Fred has no regard for the rights or privileges of others and consistently violates those rights with no remorse. He probably suffers from

a. Schizophrenia

b. Antisocial personality disorder

c. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

d. Bipolar disorder

e. Somatoform disorder

Hani was unable to tell the difference right and wrong. Which of the following definitions of abnormal behavior is described in this example?

a. Maladaptive

b. Insanity

c. Commitment

d. Statistical

e. Personal

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the manic stage of bipolar disorder?

a. Inflated ego

b. Excessive talking

c. Shopping sprees

d. Fearlessness

e. Too much sleep

A common feature among people diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder is

a. Early childhood sexual or physical abuse

b. Repeated physical complaints

c. Relatives suffering from bipolar disorder

d. Excess of dopamine

e. Hallucinations and delusions

The behavioral approach attributes the cause of abnormal behavior to

a. Internal conflict from early childhood trauma

b. The result of neurochemical imbalances

c. Poor self-concept

d. Reinforcement of maladaptive behaviors learned through experience

e. Irrational and illogical perceptions of reality

Carla and her best friend Cutis, both aged 25, have been close since third grade, but Curtis said something unkind about Carla’s latest haircut. Carla decided he was a mean and evil person, and she didn’t want anything to do with him. Curtis complains that this is a pattern with Carla-that she consistently identifies people as being bad or good. Carla is likely to be experiencing symptoms of

a. Anxiety disorder

b. Antisocial personality disorder

c. Borderline personality disorder

d. Depressive disorder

e. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Karen is afraid of heights. This fear inhibits her daily life. This is an example of

a. Phobic disorder

b. Panic disorder

c. Somatoform disorder

d. Schizophrenia disorder

e. Anxiety disorder

According to Myers, what percentage of people in the United States are treated for some form of a psychological disorder?

a. 1%

b. 15%

c. 50%

d. 70%

e. 90%